Effect of Hexamethylenetetramine on Physical, Structural, and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Nanostructures Synthesized via One-Step Sol-Gel Process

Abstract

Wastewater contamination with synthetic organic dyes is a significant environmental challenge. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has attracted considerable attention as a non-toxic, multifunctional material for electronics, optics, piezoelectric devices, and photocatalysis, where its performance is strongly governed by morphology. In this work, we investigate the effect of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) on the formation and photocatalytic behavior of ZnO nanostructures synthesized from different zinc precursors, namely zinc acetate and zinc nitrate, via a one-step sol–gel process at low temperature without any post-treatment. All samples crystallize in the hexagonal wurtzite phase without detectable impurities, and the incorporation of HMTA leads to smaller, more uniform rod- and flake-like nanostructures. Although ZnO derived from zinc acetate without HMTA exhibits the highest specific surface area, ZnO synthesized in the presence of HMTA shows more favorable crystallinity, morphology, and pore connectivity, which together enhance charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation. As a result, ZnO samples synthesized with HMTA exhibit improved photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under UV irradiation.