Thermal effectiveness augmentation in heated tube with louver-punched delta winglets

Louver-punched delta winglet (LPDW) vortex generators were presented as a way to increase convective heat transmission in a tubular exchanger. LPDW arrays were categorized as inline or staggered louver-punched delta winglets (I-LPDW and S-LPDW, respectively). Experimental and numerical research was carried out for Reynolds numbers varying from 4760 to 29,290 to analyze the thermal patterns and flow characteristics within a constant heat flux tube with LPDWs. The turbulence model adopted for the present research was the realizable k-ε model. For both I-LPDW and S-LPDW winglet arrangements, a single ratio of blockage (BR = e/D = 0.25), pitch ratio (PR = P/D = 1), and attack angle (α = 60°) was utilized as well as three ratios of louver length (LR = d/e = 0.24–0.56) and five flap angles (θ = 0°–90°). The research showed that when the θ and LR values fall, the LPDW's friction factor (f) and Nusselt number (Nu) grow since streamwise vortices that possess greater kinetic energy of turbulence promote fluid mixing. The winglet with θ = 45°, LR = 0.24 exhibited a peak TEF of 2.56 for I-LPDW and 2.63 for S-LPDW whereas the winglet with θ or LR = 0° had the largest Nu and f values, at 5.41 and 24.38 times, respectively. The numerical results illustrated that both LPDWs produce many longitudinal vortices throughout the tube. These flow patterns improved fluid mixing in the tube by raising the fluid's kinetic energy of turbulence. Additionally, the findings of the verification between the computational and experimental data were satisfactory. The Nu and f correlations for the I-LPDW and S-LPDW were also established using measured data.