Effect of Imaging Distance and Chicken Body Size on Infrared Thermal Camera Accuracy in Body Temperature Measurement

Abstract

= 0.56-0.71), indicating more reliable agreement. Distance influenced accuracy, with underestimation increasing at 75-100 cm, especially in smaller birds. Therefore, thermal imaging cannot fully replace rectal thermometry for individual-level assessment in chickens due to systematic underestimation, especially in small birds and at greater distances. However, it shows promise as a rapid, non-invasive flock-level screening tool in larger chickens when used at optimal distances (50-75 cm). The integration of thermal imaging into precision livestock farming and future farm models may enhance welfare-friendly, automated health monitoring in poultry systems.