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    Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis and Candida tropicalis Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish Exhibited Inhibitory Effects against Pathogenic Bacteria of Nile Tilapia
    (2023-02-01)
    Siangpro, Noppadon
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    Chuakrut, Songkran
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    Sirimanapong, Wanna
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    Tanasupawat, Somboon
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    Phongsopitanun, Wongsakorn
    Nile tilapia is one of the most consumed farmed fish in the world. The outbreak of pathogenic bacterial diseases causes high mortality rates and economic losses in Nile tilapia farming. Antibiotic administrations are commonly utilized to inhibit and prevent bacterial infections. However, antibiotics are expensive and cause serious concerns for antibiotic resistance in fish that can be potentially transferred to humans. As an alternative solution, probiotics can be used to prevent infection of pathogenic bacteria in fish. In this work, both bacteria and yeast were isolated from fish gastrointestinal tracts and their inhibitory activity against Nile tilapia pathogenic bacteria was evaluated, as well as other probiotic properties. In this study, 66 bacteria and 176 acid tolerant yeasts were isolated from fish gastrointestinal tracts. Of all isolated microorganisms, 39 bacterial and 15 yeast isolates with inhibitory effect against pathogens were then examined for their probiotic properties (acidic and bile salt resistance, adhesion potential, and biofilm formation), formation of antibacterial factor survival rate under simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and safety evaluation. AT8/5 bacterial isolate demonstrated probiotic properties and the highest inhibition against all 54 tested pathogens while YON3/2 yeast isolate outperformed the inhibitory effect among all yeast isolates. These two probiotic isolates were further identified by 16S rDNA and the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA sequence analysis for bacterial and yeast identification, respectively. AT8/5 and YON3/2 showed the highest similarity to Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis and Candida tropicalis, respectively. This is the first report on isolated L. argentoratensis and C. tropicalis with antipathogenic bacteria of Nile tilapia properties. Collectively, AT8/5 and YON3/2 could be potentially used as promising alternatives to existing antibiotic methods to prevent pathogenic bacteria infection in Nile tilapia farming.
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    Growth Responses and Regression Analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (2022-01-01)
    Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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    Koomsubsiri, Amorn
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    Sridam, Idhisak
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    ;
    The use of metal nanomaterials to promote plant growth and inhibit plant pathogenic microorganisms is gaining interest. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were evaluated for effects on growth and productivity of indica rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The rice plant was exposed to ZnONPs with different concentrations i. e. 0, 200, 600 and 800 mg/l. The plant height, weight and the number of panicles per clump were investigated. The result showed that 200 mg/l of ZnONPs induced the highest enhancement of plant height, weight and the number of panicles per clump with a significant difference compared to other groups. The mathematical model of the height, weight and the number of panicles per clump was analyzed by linear regression, and the determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of the linear regression model was 0.86, 0.84 and 0.52, respectively. This linear regression model could be potentially extended to the indica rice plant cultivation process in practical applications to predict the rice plant growth and productivity in commercial cultivation.
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    Characterization and proximate analysis of composite biochar briquette from oil palm frond and red clay
    (2025-01-01)
    Suwankamnoed, Saipin
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    Imsuwan, Pattareewan
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    Tilokkarn, Worrathon
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    Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
    The ultimate goal of this research is to create effective and environmentally friendly biochar briquettes from oil palm frond (OPF) waste. Red clay, a plentiful local resource, has been demonstrated to improve the properties of fuel briquettes. In this study, the tested composite briquettes (biochar:red clay:starch by weight) were prepared in the following ratios: 40:55:5 (T2), 50:45:5 (T3), 60:35:5 (T4), and 70:25:5 (T5), while the control sample (T1) consisted of 95:5 (biochar:starch). All of the different ratios were analyzed using proximate analysis. The results showed moisture content ranging from 7.35% to 8.47%, ash content from 29.75% to 49.82%, volatile matter from 15.63% to 17.47%, and fixed carbon from 25.31% to 46.48%. Among them, T4 exhibited the lowest moisture and ash content and the highest calorific value at 5,650 cal/g, making it the optimal candidate for further investigation. A comprehensive analysis of T4 was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The techniques revealed the morphological structure and inorganic components that contribute to the energy efficiency of T4. The study also examined air pollutant emissions. T4 produced lower emissions of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2),</inf> total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO), and particulate matter (PM<inf>1.0</inf> and PM<inf>2.5</inf>) compared to the OPF biochar briquette without red clay (T1). Composite biochar briquettes made from OPF and red clay (T4) are safe and suitable for use as a fuel source for household applications like cooking and heating. This research contributes to the development of the green bioeconomy and supports sustainable energy initiatives.
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    PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS OF FLY ASH GENERATED FROM BIOCHAR BRIQUETTES ON THE GROWTH OF CHINESE CELERY CABBAGE (BRASSICA RAPA SUBSP. PEKINENSIS)
    (2025-01-01)
    Suwankamnoed, S.
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    Sripana, N.
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    Sutjaritvorakul, T.
    Agricultural waste biomass is considered a valuable source of eco-friendly renewable energy. Generally, biomass is processed through pyrolysis and is compressed to form biochar briquettes. After combustion, the remaining ash is the incombustible material that can be used in agriculture. The aim of this research is to investigate the physicochemical properties of fly ash derived from biochar briquettes and to evaluate its effect on the growth of Chinese celery cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis). Fly ash was analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results exhibited the major elements were carbon (C, 59.31%), oxygen (O, 24.48%) with additional elements including potassium (K), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca). The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of silica (SiO<inf>2</inf>), calcite (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) and hydroxyapatite (Ca<inf>10</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>6</inf>(OH)<inf>2</inf>). Seedlings of the tested plants were grown in pots containing varying concentrations of local soil and biochar briquette ash (soil:ash, v/v), with treatments including 100% soil (control, T1), 80:20 (T2), 60:40 (T3), and 40:60 (T4). Growth parameters improved significantly with 40% ash (T3), while 60% ash (T4) had adverse effects. These results indicated that biochar briquette ash can be effectively used as an ash-based fertilizer.
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    Process Optimization and Kinetics Study of Metals Leaching from Spent Hydrocracking Catalysts by Cell-free Medium Filtrate of Aspergillus aculeatus
    (2026-10-01)
    Sawangchart, Thanakorn
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    Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
    Hydrocracking catalysts (HCC) are widely used in petrochemical refinery catalytic processes. Although these catalysts are frequently reusable, the efficacy of HCC gradually declines. This procedure leads to the production of a large amount of spent hydrocracking catalyst (SHCC), which contains valuable metals as well as hazardous chemical wastes. The pyro-hydro-metallurgical approach for metal restoration from catalyst waste is insufficient for environmental sustainability. The application of biological techniques is a more environmentally friendly strategy. Fungal leaching has emerged as an alternative method for the recovery of metals. Although metal recoveries were moderate, the use of cell-free fungal filtrate enabled rapid leaching under mild conditions, highlighting its potential as a greener and operationally simpler alternative to conventional whole-cell bioleaching. Aspergillus aculeatus was isolated from contaminated soil of a gold mine located in Thailand. The filtrate of the fungal culture medium was utilized for metal leaching, and this experiment was carried out using a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimum processes included a spent catalyst density of 10% (w/v), a temperature of 50 °C, and a shaking rate of 148 rpm for 180 min, with the catalyst powder size being less than 150 µm. The predicted highest metal recovery rates of 7.98% for Al, 5.27% for Ni, 24.55% for Mo, 11.92% for Fe, and 0.93% for Zn aligned precisely with the actual experimental results. The comprehension of kinetics through the application of the shrink core model indicates that the mechanism of reactions is predominantly influenced by the surface chemical control reaction rather than the diffusion process. The leaching rates of Mo, Fe, Al, Ni, and Zn followed a descending order from highest to lowest.
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    Unveiling the molecular architecture of Mpox: A new era in viral imaging
    (2026-01-01)
    Jutharee, Kanticha
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    Yongyai, Jiraporn
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    Klankoet, Nawawan
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    Wannigama, Dhammika Leshan
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    Ngamwongsatit, Natharin
    The exceptional size and architectural complexity of the Mpox virus, a giant cytoplasmic DNA virus, has long challenged structural and mechanistic analysis. This gap in structural knowledge has unfortunately stalled the development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, a revolution in structural biology—fueled by the synergy of cryo-EM, cryo-ET, cryo-FIB milling, and AI-based prediction—now allows for the direct interrogation of intact virions and replication factories in near-native states. These techniques reveal that Mpox virus infection is orchestrated by structurally integrated machines rather than isolated components. Consequently, the future of Mpox virus biology depends on leveraging advanced imaging technologies, such as in situ single-particle approaches and visual proteomics. By mapping comprehensive template libraries into cellular reconstructions, these strategies can resolve the near-atomic details of heterogeneous viral assemblies within their cellular environment. This approach elucidates the "molecular sociology" of infection, bridging the gap between atomic structure and cellular context. By revealing regulatory interfaces and assembly logic hidden from purification-based methods, this framework reshapes our understanding of poxvirus biology and lays a precise foundation for architecturally targeted diagnostics and therapeutics.
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    Insights from dual-platform metabolomics on durian flowers: An alternative source of procyanidins from agricultural waste with bioactivities
    (2025-07-01)
    Potijun, Supakorn
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    Pattarapipatkul, Nattaya
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    Boonma, Pitchakorn
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    Pewlong, Putthamas
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    Pathtubtim, Intira
    Procyanidins, which are polyphenol compounds in grape seeds, apples, and berries, are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated durian flowers, an agricultural waste, as a novel procyanidin source. Durian trees bloom prolifically, but not all flowers develop into mature fruits, representing underutilized resources. Dual-platform metabolomic analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry annotates polyphenols such as (−)-epicatechin, procyanidins B1, B2, and C1. The 80 % (v/v) ethanol extraction yielded a crude extract with a total procyanidin content of 7.68 mg/g. Bioactivity assays revealed that the procyanidin-rich crude extract reduced oxidative stress and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against UVA in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). This study is the first to propose durian flowers as a sustainable and cost-effective procyanidin source with potential application in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries, contributing significantly to the repurposing of agricultural waste through green technology.
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    MYCO-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS AND α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED BY XYLARIACEOUS FUNGI
    (2023-01-01)
    Sutjaritvorakul, T.
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    Imsuwan, P.
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    Damsud, T.
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    Metal nanomaterials could be applied in various fields and could be synthesized via living organisms such as plants, bacteria and fungi. Here, the ability of Xylaria sp.5 to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities by the AgNPs produced by Xylaria sp.5 were investigated. The culture broth of Xylaria sp.5 was used to synthesize AgNPs by using 0.1 M of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions. The mycogenic crystals were investigated for the morphological characteristics and chemical composition by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The results showed that AgNPs were successfully produced. Moreover, AgNPs were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The crude enzyme derived from rat intestine consisted of maltase and sucrase. The percentage of inhibition at 50 mg/ml of maltase and sucrase was 63.21 ± 0.67 and 54.42 ± 0.11, respectively. This study demonstrated that the supernatant culture broth of Xylaria sp.5 can be used to synthesize AgNPs which possess α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Collectively, this method could be a promising alternative for low cost and non-polluting production of AgNPs which could be potentially utilized for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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    Fungal Transformation and Oxalate-Mediated Mineralization of Heavy Metal Oxides by Aspergillus aculeatus
    (2026-04-01)
    Sawangchart, Thanakorn
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    ; ;
    Narueban, Worapat
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    Tilokkarn, Worrathon
    Fungal transformation is increasingly recognized as an important process influencing metal solubilization and immobilization in soil environments. In this study, a fungal strain (PTW4) isolated from mining-contaminated soil was molecularly identified as Aspergillus aculeatus. The strain was evaluated for its ability to solubilize and transform several heavy metal oxides, including ZnO, Pb<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>, Cu<inf>2</inf>O, and MoO<inf>3</inf>. PTW4 produced consistent halo formation across all tested oxides, accompanied by progressive acidification of the culture medium, suggesting organic acid-mediated solubilization. Characterization of extracellular precipitates by SEM-EDS and XRD indicated mineral phases consistent with oxalate-associated biominerals, including zinc oxalate dihydrate (ZnC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O), lead oxalate (PbC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>), and copper oxalate hydrate (CuC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O). These minerals represent low-solubility phases that may reduce metal mobility in the surrounding environment. In contrast, molybdenum did not precipitate under the experimental conditions, suggesting metal-specific constraints in fungal biomineralization processes. Although organic acid production was not directly quantified, identification of oxalate mineral phases supports an oxalate-associated mineralization mechanism. Overall, the results provide evidence for heavy metal solubilization and selective extracellular precipitation consistent with oxalate biomineral formation by A. aculeatus PTW4, highlighting its potential relevance to fungal-mediated bioremediation and selective bioleaching processes.
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    Mechanism-Driven Design of Multispecific Antibodies for Targeted Disease Treatment
    (2024-07-24)
    Fine, Justyn
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    Tan, Jiacheng
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    Spangler, Jamie B.
    Antibody-based therapeutics constitute a rapidly growing class of pharmaceutical compounds. However, monoclonal antibodies, which specifically engage only one target, often lack the mechanistic intricacy to treat complex diseases. To expand the utility of antibody therapies, significant efforts have been invested in designing multispecific antibodies, which engage multiple targets using a single molecule. These efforts have culminated in remarkable translational progress, including nine US Food and Drug Administration–approved multispecific antibodies, with countless others in various stages of preclinical or clinical development. In this review, we discuss several categories of multispecific antibodies that have achieved clinical approval or shown promise in earlier stages of development. We focus on the molecular mechanisms used by multispecific antibodies and how these mechanisms inform their customized design and formulation. In particular, we discuss multispecific antibodies that target multiple disease markers, multiparatopic antibodies, and immune-interfacing antibodies. Overall, these innovative multispecific antibody designs are fueling exciting advances across the immunotherapeutic landscape.