Fabrication of BNBT-BS ceramics via a solid-state combustion approach for BNBT-BS/PDMS composite films in hybrid PENG/TENG applications

Synthesis of (1-x)Bi0.47Na0.47Ba0.06TiO3-xBaSnO3 ceramics (BNBT-xBS, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) was accomplished via a solid-state combustion approach. The influence of BaSnO3 concentration on the phase structure, microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and strain properties was thoroughly examined. All specimens exhibited the coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases within a pure perovskite structure. The composition with x = 0.01 demonstrated optimal electrical properties, achieving a dielectric constant (ɛm) of 6199, a maximum polarization (Pmax) of 41.86 μC/cm², a maximum strain (Smax) of 0.34% and a normalized strain (d33*) of 489 pm/V. The ceramic powder of BNBT-0.01BS was incorporated into a PDMS matrix at concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 wt%. The hybrid PENG/TENG devices achieved their largest electrical output at a BNBT-0.01BS loading of 20 wt%, recording a voltage of 92 V and a current of 0.50 μA. This work outlines a fabrication and development method for composite films with BNBT-0.01BS with PDMS polymers for high-efficiency nanogenerators, playing an important role in improving future energy harvesting technologies.