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Simple Rapid Production of Calcium Acetate Lactate from Scallop Shell Waste for Agricultural Application
(2025-05-01)
Mongkol, Sorakit
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Seesanong, Somkiat
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
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Boonmee, Wimonmat
Calcium acetate lactate (CAL) was rapidly synthesized for the first time using the reaction between the scallop shell-derived calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) and the binary phase of acetic and lactic acids. Calcium acetate (CA) and calcium lactate (CL) synthesized from the reaction of scallop shell-derived CaCO<inf>3</inf> with each acid by similarity routes are compared with the obtained CAL product. The production yields are 88.24, 79.17, and 96.44%, whereas the solubilities are 93.77, 90.18, and 95.08% for CA, CL, and CAL, respectively. All the synthesized CA, CL, and CAL samples were characterized and confirmed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to examine the calcium main element and other impurities of minor elements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate the crystallography, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to characterize the vibrational characteristics of the functional groups, scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the sample morphologies, and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate the thermal decomposition processes of samples. The experimental results pointed out that the synthesized CA, CL, and CAL were the monohydrate, pentahydrate, and dihydrate forms with chemical formulae of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>CHOHCOO)<inf>2</inf>·5H<inf>2</inf>O, and Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)(CH<inf>3</inf>CHOHCOO)·2H<inf>2</inf>O, respectively. The final thermal decomposition product of all calcium compounds was calcium oxide (CaO). The CAL sample’s vibrational characteristics, crystal phases, and morphologies show the binary acetate and lactate anion phases, confirming the new binary anionic calcium acetate lactate obtained. In conclusion, this research proposes an easy and low-cost technique to prepare a new valuable CAL compound using scallop shell waste as a cheap and renewable calcium source.
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Cockle-shell biowaste as a low-cost renewable source for synthesis of calcium acetate monohydrate as a precursor of quasi-amorphous calcium pyrophosphate hydrate
(2025-01-01)
Thompho, Somphob
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Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
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Seangarun, Chaowared
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
Calcium-rich seashell wastes can be used as renewable materials to prepare value-added compounds. This work proposed an eco-environmental preparation of calcium pyrophosphate by using cockle-shell biowaste as a low-cost renewable calcium source for the first time. Cockle shell was first ground, obtaining calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powders, which were then used as the renewable material to synthesize calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) via acetic acid reaction. After that, cockle-derived calcium acetate monohydrate was subsequently prepared as a solution to synthesize calcium pyrophosphate (Ca<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O) via a simple precipitation process with tetrasodium pyrophosphate decahydrate (Na<inf>4</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>·10H<inf>2</inf>O). The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized calcium acetate precursor and its calcium pyrophosphate product were investigated by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The characterization results demonstrate that cockle shell powder (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) is a potentially renewable source for the preparation of triclinic calcium acetate with the chemical formula of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, which was further used as the precursor to form value-added amorphous calcium pyrophosphate with the chemical formula of Ca<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>·4H<inf>2</inf>O. This approach not only demonstrates the feasibility of using biogenic Ca-sources for material synthesis but also offers an environmentally friendly process with potential long-term benefits in reducing environmental issues, promoting sustainable chemical production, and increasing value to the underused biowaste.
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Low-Cost and Eco-Friendly Calcium Oxide Prepared via Thermal Decompositions of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Acetate Precursors Derived from Waste Oyster Shells
(2024-08-01)
Seesanong, Somkiat
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Seangarun, Chaowared
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
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Boonmee, Wimonmat
Waste oyster shells were utilized to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) by grinding. This CaCO<inf>3</inf> was then reacted with acetic acid to yield calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O). Both CaCO<inf>3</inf> and Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O were used as precursors for synthesizing calcium oxide (CaO) through thermal decomposition at 900 °C and 750 °C, respectively. The yields of CaO from both precursors, determined through calcination experiments and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), exceeded 100% due to the high purity of the raw agents and the formation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed a CaO content of 87.8% for CaO-CC and 91.5% for CaO-CA, indicating the purity and contamination levels. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of CaO and minor peaks of Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>, attributed to moisture adsorption. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified the vibrational characteristics of the Ca-O bond. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed similar morphologies for both CaO-CC and CaO-CA, with CaO-CA displaying a significant amount of rod-like crystals. Based on these results, calcium acetate monohydrate (CA) is recommended as the superior precursor for synthesizing high-purity CaO, offering advantages for various applications.
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Comparative genomic analysis and optimization of astaxanthin production of Rhodotorula paludigena TL35-5 and Rhodotorula sampaioana PL61-2
(2024-07-01)
Hoondee, Patcharaporn
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Phuengjayaem, Sukanya
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Kingkaew, Engkarat
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Rojsitthisak, Pornchai
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Sritularak, Boonchoo
Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant known to enhance skin, cardiovascular, eye, and brain health. In this study, the genome insights and astaxanthin production of two newly isolated astaxanthin-producing yeasts (TL35-5 and PL61-2) were evaluated and compared. Based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, TL35-5 and PL61-2 were identified as basidiomycetous yeasts belonging to Rhodotorula paludigena and Rhodotorula sampaioana, respectively. To optimize astaxanthin production, the effects of cultural medium composition and cultivation conditions were examined. The optimal conditions for astaxanthin production in R. paludigena TL35-5 involved cultivation in AP medium containing 10 g/L glucose as the sole carbon source, supplemented with 1.92 g/L potassium nitrate, pH 6.5, and incubation at 20C for 3 days with shaking at 200 rpm. For R. sampaioana PL61-2, the optimal medium composition for astaxanthin production consisted of AP medium with 40 g/L glucose, supplemented with 0.67 g/L urea, pH 7.5, and the fermentation was carried out at 20C for 3 days with agitating at 200 rpm. Under their optimal conditions, R. paludigena TL35-5 and R. sampaioana PL61-2 gave the highest astaxanthin yields of 3.689 ± 0.031 and 4.680 ± 0.019 mg/ L, respectively. The genome of TL35-5 was 20,982,417 bp in length, with a GC content of 64.20%. A total of 6,789 protein-encoding genes were predicted. Similarly, the genome of PL61-2 was 21,374,169 bp long, with a GC content of 64.88%. It contained 6,802 predicted protein-encoding genes. Furthermore, all essential genes involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis, including CrtE, CrtYB, CrtI, CrtS, and CrtR, were identified in both R. paludigena TL35-5 and R. sampaioana PL61-2, providing evidence for their ability to produce astaxanthin.
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Bio-green synthesis of calcium acetate from oyster shell waste at low cost and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases
(2023-12-01)
Seesanong, Somkiat
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Seangarun, Chaowared
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
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Thompho, Somphob
Biological wastes obtained from food, oyster shells, were recycled to calcium carbonate and then used as bio-green raw material to replace limestone/carbonate stone for calcium acetate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) production. The conditions (ambient temperature occurred in an exothermic reaction, drying time, yield, and solubility) of the reaction between the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> and three different acetic (CH<inf>3</inf>COOH) concentrations (8, 10, and 12 M) were investigated. The product's maximum yield (93%) with a shorter drying time (18 h) was obtained from the reaction between the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> with 12 M acetic acid revealing a lower cost. The chemical compositions without any toxic metal impurity revealed by the X-ray fluorescence technique would be useful to suggest use in the specific application. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric analysis data of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O prepared by the bio-green CaCO<inf>3</inf> obtained from oyster shell wastes in this work and those in previous works used other calcium sources were consistent. The morphologies with different sizes of the obtained Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O depend on the CH<inf>3</inf>COOH concentrations reported in this work and were different from those reported in previous works because of different calcium sources. According to the observation, it can be concluded that the low-cost and bio-green technique without the environmental effects was successfully applied to produce cheap Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can be used in the specific industry.
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Two Steps for Improving Reduced Graphene Oxide/Activated Durian Shell Carbon Composite by Hydrothermal and 3-D Ball Milling Process for Symmetry Supercapacitor Device
(2023-10-01)
Ngamjumrus, Nantikron
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Silakaew, Kanyapak
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Thompho, Somphob
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Sriwong, Chaval
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Ruttanapun, Chesta
Durian shell waste was used to fabricate activated carbon (AC) using a hydrothermal process and three-dimensional (3-D) ball milling. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was composited with activated durian shell carbon (DC) to enhance the electrochemical properties for fabricating a supercapacitor (SC) device. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the AC from hydrothermally processed durian shell carbon (AC–HDC) and AC–HDC that was 3D ball milled for 15 min (rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M) showed compacted and uniformly distributed particles with good porosity. The rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M sample exhibited high specific surface area (SSA) using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) methodology, 2311 m2/g, and an average pore size of 1.88 nm. Electrochemical results showed that the rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M sample had the highest specific capacitance (Cs) of 545.78 F/g, power density (Pd) of 260.834 W/kg and energy density (Ed) of 60.834 Wh/kg. A coin cell SC device using an rGO/AC–HDC3D15M electrode with a 3M KOH electrolyte exhibited a high Cs of 65.585 F/g with a high energy density of 5.123 W h/kg and power density of 47.286 W/kg. Thus, the novelty of this manuscript is that (1) the structure of the rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite could promote fast ionic and electronic migration during charging and discharging and (2) a rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite, which showed electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) could produce a positive synergistic effect for efficient electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the high surface area of the rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite may mitigate the volume expansion of electrodes during cycling. Thus, this work shows that an rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite prepared using a hydrothermal process with 3-D ball milling can show enhanced electrochemical performance for the fabrication of an EDLC supercapacitor device.
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Efficient, Green, and Low-Cost Conversion of Bivalve-Shell Wastes to Value-Added Calcium Lactate
(2023-08-01)
Seesanong, Somkiat
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Seangarun, Chaowared
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Phutphat, Sudjai
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Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
This work presents the efficient, green, and low-cost preparation of calcium lactate by using bivalve-shell wastes (cockle, mussel, and oyster shells) as raw materials. Three bivalve shells, a cockle, mussel, and oyster, were used separately as an alternative calcium-source material for the preparation of calcium lactate. The bivalve-shell waste was cleaned and milled, obtaining calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powder, which reacted to the lactic acid, forming calcium lactate. The effects of different calcium sources (cockle, mussel, and oyster) and different lactic acid concentrations (6, 8, and 10 mol/L) on the physicochemical properties of the synthesized calcium lactates were then investigated. The results pointed out that the highest solubility of the product was observed when 6 mol/L lactic acid and cockle-shell derived CaCO<inf>3</inf> were employed for the calcium lactate preparation. The thermal decompositions of all calcium lactates occurred in three processes: dehydration, ethyl-lactate elimination, and decarbonization, respectively. The results, obtained from an infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, thermogravimetric analyzer, and scanning electron microscope, confirmed the formation of calcium lactate pentahydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>CHOHCOO)<inf>2</inf>·5H<inf>2</inf>O). The diffractograms also indicated the presence of two enantiomers of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>CHOHCOO)<inf>2</inf>·5H<inf>2</inf>O, namely, of dl- and l-enantiomers, which depended on the lactic acid concentration used in the preparation process. The morphologies of calcium lactates show the firewood-like crystals in different microsizes, together with smaller irregular crystals. In summary, this work reports an effective process to prepare the valuable calcium lactates by using the cheap bivalve-shell-derived CaCO<inf>3</inf> as a renewable calcium source.
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Diversity, astaxanthin production, and genomic analysis of Rhodotorula paludigena SP9-15
(2023-07-01)
Phuengjayaem, Sukanya
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Kingkaew, Engkarat
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Hoondee, Patcharaporn
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Rojsitthisak, Pornchai
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Sritularak, Boonchoo
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid known for its powerful antioxidant properties. This study focused on isolating yeast strains capable of producing astaxanthin from flower and fruit samples collected in Thailand. Out of 115 isolates, 11 strains were identified that produced astaxanthin. Molecular identification techniques revealed that these isolates belonged to two species: Rhodotorula paludigena (5 isolates) and Rhodosporidiobolus ruineniae (6 isolates). Whole-genome analysis of one representative strain, R. paludigena SP9-15, identified putative candidate astaxanthin synthesis-associated genes, such as CrtE, CrtYB, CrtI, CrtS, CrtR, CrtW, CrtO, and CrtZ. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) confirmed astaxanthin production. Further optimization of astaxanthin production was carried out by investigating the effects of various factors on the growth rate and astaxanthin production. The optimal conditions were 40 g/L glucose as a carbon source, pH 7.5, and cultivation at 25 °C with 200 rpm for 3 days. Under these conditions, R. paludigena SP9-15 synthesized biomass of 11.771 ± 0.003 g/L, resulting in astaxanthin with a content of 0.558 ± 0.018 mg/g DCW (dry cell weight), an astaxanthin yield of 6.565 ± 0.238 mg/L, and astaxanthin productivity of 2.188 ± 0.069 g/L/day. These findings provide insights into astaxanthin production using red yeast strains from Thailand and highlight the potential of R. paludigena SP9-15 for further application.
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Characterization, Kinetic Using Deconvolution Techniques and Thermodynamic Study of Synthetic MgHPO4·3H2O
(2023-04-01)
Kullyakool, Saifon
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Thompho, Somphob
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Boonchom, Banjong
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Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
MgHPO<inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O was synthesized via a simple wet reaction and transformed to its final decomposed product, Mg<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> at 873 K. The thermal properties, vibrational modes of block units, and solid phases of the synthetic compounds have been investigated by TG/DTG/DTA, FTIR, and XRD techniques. The temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties estimated from the DSC data occurred in two regions (before and after the dehydration reaction) indicating a characteristic of the prepared MgHPO<inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O sample. The dehydration reactions of 3.5 mol of water molecules in the structure overlapped in the temperature of 363–823 K and showed the phase transition at 921 K as revealed by TG/DTG/DTA. The deconvolution technique using the newly modified co-mathematical functions was used to separate the overlapped dehydration steps in the DTG curve, which obtained the three steps. Only the first and second steps were estimated using kinetic triplet parameters (E<inf>a</inf>, A, and model), which indicate the single dehydration mechanism with the A<inf>1.25</inf> model and the multi-step of a parallel mechanism with the A<inf>1.6</inf> model, respectively. The data of kinetics and thermodynamics play key points in theoretical study, application development, and industrial production of magnesium phosphates as a theoretical basis.
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Correlation between structure, chromaticity, and dielectric properties of calcium copper pyrophosphates, Ca2−xCu xP2O7
(2022-12-01)
Baitahe, Rattanai
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Sronsri, Chuchai
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Thompho, Somphob
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Chaiseeda, Kittichai
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Montri, Nattaya
The solid-state reaction was employed to synthesize Ca<inf>2−x</inf>Cu<inf>x</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> by varying the mole ratio between Ca and Cu. The structure and crystallography of the pyrophosphate compounds were identified and confirmed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Rietveld refinement method and the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) least-squares fitting technique were also applied to refine the sample crystal structure. The single phases of the obtained Ca<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, CaCuP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, and Cu<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> samples and the mixing phases of the obtained Ca<inf>1.5</inf>Cu<inf>0.5</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> and Ca<inf>0.5</inf>Cu<inf>1.5</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> samples were identified, and then only a single phase of the samples was subjected to structural and dielectrical analyses. The structural results exhibit the tetragonal crystal system with the P4<inf>1</inf> space group for β-Ca<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, the monoclinic crystal system with the P2<inf>1</inf>/c space group for CaCuP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, and the C2/c space group for α-Cu<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>. The dielectric constant (ε<inf>r</inf>) of the single metal pyrophosphates (Ca<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> and Cu<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>) was higher than that of binary metal pyrophosphates (CaCuP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>). The image sensor result of the Cu<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> sample (x = 2.00) illustrated a yellowish-green color, while other compounds (x = 0.50−1.50) presented color tones that changed from blue-green to bluish-green. Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers were employed to characterize and confirm the vibrational characteristics of the P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>4− group, which contains the O–P–O radical ([PO<inf>2</inf>]-) and the P–O–P bride ([OPO]-) and approximate M–O stretching modes. Furthermore, this work reports for the first time that the change in the crystal structure of Ca<inf>2−x</inf>Cu<inf>x</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> (i.e., bond angle of P−O−P in P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>4− and distortion phenomena in the M−O<inf>6</inf> octahedral site) are cause the correlation between the structure, chromaticity, and dielectric properties of calcium copper pyrophosphates, Ca<inf>2−x</inf>Cu<inf>x</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>.
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