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Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of Riceberry rice produced under organic and conventional practices
(2023-01-08)
Kunnam, J.
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Teamkao, P.
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Aninbon, C.
It is often stated that organic rice has a higher content of healthy phytochemicals than ordinary rice, and the facts on this claim obtained experimentally are rare. Riceberry is a new rice variety in Thailand. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of organic practice and conventional practice on the content of chemical composition and bioactive compounds in Riceberry rice. The results showed that agricultural practices were not significantly different for grain yield in the first year, but they were different in the second year. Rice produced by organic practice had a higher content of iron, gamma-aminobutyric acid, total phenolic and anthocyanin (4.15, 1.67, 41.3 and 20.1 mg/100 g dry weight in the first year, and 4.06, 3.37, 89.7 and 14.7 mg/100 g dry weight in the second year) than that produced by conventional practice (2.25, 1.11, 38.8 and 6.89 mg/100 g dry in the first year, and 1.96, 2.77, 54.1 and 5.71 mg/100 g dry in the second year). Rice produced by organic practice also had lower sugar content (2.92 g/100 g dry weight in the first year, and 1.99 g/100 g dry weight in the second year) than that produced by conventional practice (3.46 g/100 g dry weight in the first year, and 2.81 g/100 g dry weight in the second year). Gamma oryzanol and antioxidant capacity were also lower in organic rice compared to conventional rice. This study indicated that organic Riceberry rice had a higher quality compared to non-organic rice.
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Comparative effect of Volvariella volvacea-treated rice straw and purple corn stover fed at different levels on predicted methane production and milk fatty acid profiles in tropical dairy cows
(2021-09-01)
Khonkhaeng, Benjamad
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
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Chantaprasarn, Nawanon
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Harvatine, Kevin J.
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Foiklang, Suban
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of rice straw (RS) and purple corn stover (PCS) treated with Volvariella volvacea fed in total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, calculated methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) production, and milk fatty acid profile in mid-lactation crossbred Holstein Friesian cows. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A included roughage type (V. volvacea-treated RS and V. volvacea-treated PCS), and Factor B included roughage (R)-to-concentrate (C) ratio (R:C) (50:50 and 60:40). The four dietary treatment combinations were 1) RS with an R:C ratio of 50:50 (RS50); 2) RS with an R:C ratio of 60:40 (RS60); 3) PCS with an R:C ratio of 50:50 (PCS50); and 4) PCS with an R:C ratio of 60:40 (PCS60). Different roughage sources did not alter total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF (P > 0.05), but PCS increased NDF digestibility by 4.6 percentage units and CP digestibility by 15.6 percentage units. Roughage types influenced rumen propionic acid (C3) concentration 4 h after feeding with PCA increasing higher C3 concentration compared to RS at both R:C ratios. There was no interaction between roughage types and the R:C ratio for CH<inf>4</inf> emission calculated based on volatile fatty acid profiles. However, roughage type impacted CH<inf>4</inf> emission. Calculated CH<inf>4</inf> concentration was lower in PCS than RS. Changing the R:C ratio did not alter milk production, milk composition, or somatic cell count (SCC). Moreover, roughage type did not influence milk production and milk composition, except for SCC which was lower in PCS. Roughage type and the R:C ratio independently influenced milk fat arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) concentration. Furthermore, the PCS group had higher conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than the RS groups. The proportion of total C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in milk fat increased 10% with the feeding of PCS50 and PCS60. However, milk cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 increased by 61% in the PCS group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, PCS increased rumen C3 and milk fat CLA and arachidonic acid concentration and decreased CH<inf>4</inf> production compared to the RS. The PCS treated with V. volvacea could be used for up to 60% of TMR for dairy cows.
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Growth of pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L. Cv. Riceberry) exposed to ZnO nanoparticles
(2019-01-01)
Samart, Sutichai
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
Exposure of plants to nanomaterials has been evaluated to the positive and negative effects on crop growth, metabolism, and productivity. In this research, application of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was studied in pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Riceberry). Riceberry plants were grown and irrigated for 60 days. After that, Riceberry plants were exposed to ZnO nanoparticles by treating them with 0, 200, 400 or 800 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles. The plant heights, plant weights, numbers of panicles/clump, photosynthetic pigment contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined. Results showed that 200 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles induced the high enhancement of plant heights, plant weights, numbers of panicles/clump, total photosynthetic pigment contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities as compared to 400 mg L-1, 800 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles and the control (0 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles) treatments. Moreover, the contents of anthocyanin accumulation in the rice seeds exposed to ZnO nanoparticles were measured. The seeds of Riceberry plants exposed to 200 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles exhibited higher the accumulation of anthocyanin contents than other treatments (0, 400 and 800 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles). It was observed that the appropriation of ZnO nanoparticle concentrations may play a role in enhanced the plant growth, productivity and metabolite of Riceberry plants.
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Isolation and expression analysis of the Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase genes in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera gaertn.), Waterlily (Nymphaea sp.) and transient silencing in Waterlily
(2017-04-01)
Chaipanya, Chaivarakun
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Saetiew, Kanjana
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Arunyanart, Sumay
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Parinthawong, Nonglak
Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) converts flavanones from dihydroflavonols, which leads to production of flavonoid compounds via the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in plants. In this study, the F3H gene was isolated from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) cv. Buntharik (white petal lotus), cv. Satabankacha (pink petal lotus), and waterlily (Nymphaea sp.) var. St. Louis Gold by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The open reading frames (ORF) of three cultivars’ genes were 1,134 bp in length, encoding a predicted protein of 377 amino acids. Their nucleotide sequences were identical, and the amino acid sequence shared high homology to F3H from different plant species. Expression of F3H was specifically regulated in petals and stamens, while less expression was found in leaf tissue of waterlily variety St. Louis Gold. The correlation of F3H expression according to specific colouration was performed in waterlily. The F3H gene was more highly expressed in decreasing order of red, purplish blue, and yellow petals when compared using semi quantitative PCR (sqPCR). Gene regulation according to flowering stage and pigmentation was determined in lotus. The F3H expression was slightly diminished in petals of cultivar Satabankacha at the fully-opening stage, whereas it was detected in the cultivar Buntharik only when white petals were tinted with pink. An RNAi gene-silencing vector, pJA8F3H, encoding a hairpin F3H RNA, was introduced to waterlily petals using the Agrobacterium infiltration method, and the F3H expression was analysed at 1 and 3 days post infiltration (dpi) by sqPCR. The results showed that the F3H expression was down-regulated at 3 dpi in flowers tested of the red petal variety and purplish blue petal variety compared to controls. The results confirmed that pJA8F3H is efficient and could be used as a transformation vector to transiently suppress F3H expression in waterlily or lotus.
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Changes of cut orchid quality after fumigation with clove and cinnamon essential oils
(2015-03-25)
Pumnuan, J.
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Khurnpoon, L.
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Insung, A.
Clove and cinnamon essential oils have been recently considered as effective alternative fumigants against thrips and mealybug, which are the major pests infecting exported orchid cut flowers in many countries. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate effects of clove and cinnamon essential oils in non-targeted fumigation on Dendrobium orchid cut flower. Changes in L∗, a∗ and b∗ values, weight loss, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity, total phenolics and anthocyanin content were determined. All fumigations in this study were conducted using the essential oils at the concentrations of 0.0, 3.0 and 6.0 ml/m3 for 1 h with 15-min air circulation in 1-m3 glass chambers. The effects of eugenol under the same conditions were examined. The samples were evaluated prior to the treatments, immediately after the treatments, and 3 d after the treatments at 25±1°C. The results showed a decrease of L∗ and a∗ values, and anthocyanin content in all groups, while b∗ value, percentage of weight loss and total phenolic content increased. PPO activity did not change throughout the sampling period. Remarkably, the orchids fumigated with clove and cinnamon essential oils, and eugenol at 3.0 ml/m3 did not differ from the control. However, fumigations at 6.0 ml/m3 reduced flower quality, leading to increased weight loss and petal discoloration.
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Evaluations of the mutagenicity of a pigment extract from bulb culture of Hippeastrum reticulatum
(2014-01-01)
Nitteranon, Viriya
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Kittiwongwattana, Chockchai
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Vuttipongchaikij, Supachai
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Sakulkoo, Jenjira
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Srijakkoat, Monthira
The use of anthocyanins in food products as colorants has been limited because of their instability toward alkaline pH and high temperature. This study aimed to determine color stability and mutagenicity of the anthocyanin-based pigment extract from bulb cultures of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum reticulatum). The pigment extract retained its reddish-orange color under alkaline conditions (≤pH 11) and was stable up to 6h at 95°C. The mutagenicity of the extract was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Hippeastrum pigment extract up to 1.25mgplate-1 was found non-mutagenic in Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and TA100. Chromosome aberrations were observed when human lymphocytes were treated with the extract up to 1.5mgml-1. However, the extract up to 1.4mgml-1 was found to exhibit relatively low or no mutagenicity in in vitro comet assays with human lymphocytes. In in vivo micronucleated reticulocyte assay, mice were treated orally with the extract up to 1gkg-1. No significant increase of the percentage of micronucleated peripheral reticulocytes compared to the negative control groups was found. Taken together, our study indicates that Hippeastrum pigment extract is potentially applicable as an additive colorant in the diet and related products. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
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High contents of proline and anthocyanin increase protective response to salinity in Oryza sativa L. spp. indica
(2011-09-01)
Chutipaijit, Sutee
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Cha-um, Suriyan
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Sompornpailin, Kanokporn
Pigmented rice cultivar is a good candidate for abiotic tolerance especially salt tolerant trait. Physiological and growth parameters of eight indica rice genotypes under control or salt stress conditions were subjected to Hierarchical cluster analysis. From cluster ranking, rice genotypes were classified into two groups, salt-tolerant (Sangyod, Khao Dang, Kulab Dang and TD49) and salt-sensitive genotypes (Klum Sakol, Klum Khonkaen1, Klum Khonkaen2 and Black Sticky Rice). In salt stress (100 mM NaCl), the salt-tolerant genotypes showed the high percentages of proline and anthocyanin more than in the salt-sensitive genotypes. In addition, the photosynthetic pigment stabilizations of stressed-seedlings were positively correlated to the proline (R 2 = 0.98) and anthocyanin (R 2 = 0.70) accumulations. While, the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of salt-stressed seedlings were negatively correlated to the proline (R 2 = 0.63) and anthocyanin (R 2 = 0.51) accumulations. Moreover, the total antioxidant activity of extraction from stressed-seedlings was assessed using the ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. The higher percentages of total antioxidant activity were determined in salt-tolerant (125-199%) than salt-sensitive genotypes (106-113%). From the results it can be concluded that accumulation of above mentioned metabolites is associated with cellular protection and salt detoxification in salinity rice seedlings.

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