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Ant Colony Optimization for Solving Electric Vehicle Traveling Salesman Problems
(2026-01-01)
Janjarassuk, Udom
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have become very popular nowadays due to their affordability, lower operating cost and maintenance cost, and environmental benefits. In this paper, we study an electric vehicle variant of the traveling salesman problem (EV-TSP) by using a modified ant colony optimization (ACO) method. Unlike the traditional traveling salesman problem (TSP), the electric vehicle variant of the TSP is more complex due to the limited battery range and the requirement of recharging along the trip. To tackle these difficulties, our proposed algorithm incorporates the battery level constraint as a heuristic information for choosing the next visiting node. We use a sigmoid function to capture the probability of node selection in addition to the pheromone value and visibility of ant. The type of nodes is also considered during the node selection. When the remaining battery level of the vehicle is low, the charging station nodes will have higher probability of being selected compared to the customer nodes, and vice versa. The algorithm was implemented in C++ and tested by using a number of benchmark instances from TSPLIB. The problem instances were modified by adding vehicle range and charging stations with their associated locations. Computational results were reported to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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Technical Assessment of Reusing Retired Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in Thailand
(2023-06-01)
Phophongviwat, Teeraphon
;
Polmai, Sompob
;
Maneeinn, Chaitouch
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Hongesombut, Komsan
;
Sivalertporn, Kanchana
A rapid growth in electric vehicles has led to a massive number of retired batteries in the transportation sector after 8–10 years of use. However, retired batteries retain over 60% of their original capacity and can be employed in less demanding electric vehicles or stationary energy storage systems. As a result, the management of end-of-life electric vehicles has received increased attention globally over the last decade due to their environmental and economic benefits. This work presents knowledge and technology for retired electric vehicle batteries that are applicable to the Thai context, with a particular focus on a case study of a retired lithium-ion battery from the Nissan X-Trail Hybrid car. The disassembled battery modules are designed for remanufacturing in small electric vehicles and repurposing in energy storage systems. The retired batteries were tested in a laboratory under high C-rate conditions (10C, 20C, and 30C) to examine the limitations of the batteries’ ability to deliver high current to electric vehicles during the driving operation. In addition, the electric motorcycle conversion has also been studied by converting the gasoline engine to an electric battery system. Finally, the prototypes were tested both in the laboratory and in real-world use. The findings of this study will serve as a guideline for the sorting and assessment of retired lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles, as well as demonstrate the technical feasibility of reusing retired batteries in Thailand.
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Review on Key Factors of Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Electric Vehicles
(2022-08-31)
Thein, Mya Eaindra
;
Kaewpradap, Amornrat
Electric vehicles (EVs) have become an alternative option for a clean energy society. A new charging technology which is wireless charging has been developed to satisfy the limitations of EVs which are the electric drive range and battery storage. Companies like Tesla, BMW, and Nissan have already started to develop wireless charging for EVs. This paper presents a literature review on wireless charging of EVs. The existing technologies for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system are summarized for different power applications. Coil design plays the most vital role in the WPT system so the different coil design with the transferred efficiency is reviewed. The other important parameters and technical components like significant factors of WPT system, track layout of dynamic wireless charging, foreign object detection method, and position alignment method that are affecting the efficiency of the wireless charging system are also discussed. Lastly, health and safety concerns for human beings and living things are investigated.
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Coordinated Control of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources for Frequency Regulation in Microgrids
(2020-01-01)
Jampeethong, Phoompat
;
Khomfoi, Surin
A Control technique of electric vehicles (EVs) cooperating with ac microgrids is considered as an important role with integration of renewable energy sources (RES), i.e. wind and solar farms. As known, the intermittent power generations of these RESs can provide significant changes of the frequency in microgrids. Consequently, outputs of these generations are regarded as continuous disturbances. Previously, the ability to permit frequency stabilizing effect was usually neglected in microgrid design; thereupon, the performance of controller may be ineffective to regulate the frequency in such a microgrid. To address this problem, a new coordination of EV, wind farm (WF), and photovoltaic (PV) for microgrid frequency regulation is proposed in this article. In the control design, the proposed adaptive PI controller is developed by using practical proportional integral (PI) controllers. An effect of a small delay is also considered in input-output pairs of the adaptive PI controllers. Simulation model is developed for validating the proposed controller. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed coordinated control technique of EVs, WF, and PV power generation provides a better frequency regulation performance than a fixed PI controller under various uncertainties such as wind and solar power fluctuations, N-1 outages, disconnection of RESs, load variations, and the number of EVs.
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Embedded Electronic Differential System on Two Brushless DC Motor Drives for Electric Vehicle Steering Control
(2018-08-20)
Khan-Ngern, Werachet
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Keyoonwong, Wiwat
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Chatsiriwech, Narongrit
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Sangnopparat, Pongsakorn
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Mattayaboon, Ponghiran
The project present about Embedded Electronic Differential System(EDs) on Two Brushless DC (BLDC) Motors Drives for Electric Vehicle Steering Control. EDs using for steering control to balance speed between two BLDC motors and enhances efficiency of electric vehicle driving system. Efficiency testing on BLDC motor driving system to determine the efficiency of BLDC motor driving system including inverter and BLDC motor at various load conditions. The maximum efficiency of BLDC motor at 48 volts is 75.71% with 6.52 kg load Embedded system including speed limit to protect BLDC motor from overrated speed and feedback speed, Handwriting coding by Arduino mega 2560. The steering control using digital potentiometer, MCP41010. When the turning angle of electric vehicle is any degrees (right or left turning status), the control system will command. And when BLDC motor near overrated speed and turning status, the overall speed of electric vehicle is reduced because the both BLDC motors speed are limited at 840 rpm. The experimental results give satisfactory performance.
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High performance BLDC motor control for electric vehicle
(2018-08-13)
Khan-Ngern, Werachet
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Keyoonwong, Wiwat
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Chatsiriwech, Narongrit
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Sangnopparat, Pongsakorn
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Mattayaboon, Ponghiran
This paper presents about design of high performance brushless dc motor (BLDC) control for electric vehicle (EV) which focusing on rear differential of electric car uses electronic control system or well known as electronic differential system (EDs). The advantage of EDs is help to adjust wheel speed while cornering by driving two BLDC motor attached to two rear wheels that two wheel speed is different. This system can accurately control process by monitoring output and feeding some of it back to compare actual output with desired output so as to reduce the error. It is well known as closed loop control system. The speed of BLDC is experimentally measured by a tachometer. The steering angle and speed of EV is calculated by equations derived from Ackemuuui-Jesntsnd model using Arduino. Load simulation using MATLAB Simulink. The experimental results electronic differential using will enhances efficiency of electric vehicle driving system.
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Coordinated PHEV, PV, and ESS for Microgrid Frequency Regulation Using Centralized Model Predictive Control Considering Variation of PHEV Number
(2018-01-01)
Pahasa, J.
;
Ngamroo, I.
The integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), photovoltaic (PV) generators, and energy storage systems (ESSs) into microgrids is highly anticipated. A coordinated control of PHEVs, PVs, and ESS will support frequency control in a microgrid. However, the size of the ESS depends on the surplus power of PV. The lower the surplus power is, the smaller the size of ESS. Furthermore, the number of available PHEVs vary with the cumulative number of the participating PHEVs. This variation of the number of PHEVs may reduce the PHEVs' control effect in the microgrid. This paper proposes a coordinated control of PHEVs, PVs, and ESSs for frequency control in the microgrid using a centralized model predictive control (CMPC) considering the variation of PHEV numbers. The objectives of the coordinated control are: 1) to suppress the system frequency fluctuation and 2) to minimize the surplus power of PV and, therefore, reduce the size of ESS. Simulation studies indicate that the coordinated control of PHEVs, PVs, and ESSs by the proposed CMPC is superior to that of the proportional integral derivative control and the distributed MPC in terms of minimizing the frequency fluctuation, the PV surplus power, and the ESS size.
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A pulse frequency technique for a quick charger
(2013-09-02)
Praisuwanna, Chetnaphat
;
Khomfoi, Surin
The half bridge modular converter configuration is used to perform the charging pulses with both positive and negative pulse. The positive pulse charge permits the high peak current charge which leads to quick charging mode. The negative pulse and idle state can offer low battery temperature rise. The frequency used for pulse charge technique can be varied depending on the type and condition of a battery. PSIM 9.0.3 is utilized for simulation study and the 500 W prototype is developed to validate the proposed notion. The simulation and experimental results illustrate that the proposed pulse frequency charging technique requires shorter time to fully charge battery at SOC 80% comparing to conventional constant current and constant voltage technique about 3 times at same average charging current. The temperature rise of pulse frequency charging technique is less than a conventional one about 1 °C: This can lead to quicker charge and longer battery lifetime. The results suggest that the proposed technique can be applied for an electric vehicle quick charger station. © 2013 IEEE.

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