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Optimizing sustainable cement replacement using ceramic tile waste: Enhanced strength and microstructural performance
(2026-03-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Sukkatorn, Paratee
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
The increasing demand for cement in the construction industry has intensified the depletion of natural resources and accelerated environmental impacts associated with cement production, including high CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Simultaneously, the ceramic tile manufacturing process generates substantial amounts of waste, particularly sludge waste and rectified tile waste, which are typically discarded despite their high silica and alumina contents. This study examines the potential of utilizing ceramic tile waste as a partial replacement for cement in mortar formulations, promoting sustainable material use. XRF and XRD analyses revealed substantial SiO<inf>2</inf> concentrations in both waste types, indicating suitability for pozzolanic reactions. Mortar samples containing varied amounts of tile waste were examined for physical properties, compressive strength, and microstructural characteristics. The replacement of 50 % of cement with rectified tile waste significantly enhanced long-term strength, surpassing that of the 100 % cement control at 28 days, due to improved pozzolanic activity and a denser microstructure. Conversely, the replacement of sludge waste led to reduced strength due to higher porosity and weaker hydration. Further investigation of rectified tile waste at replacement levels of 30-70 % confirmed that 50 % substitution provides the optimum balance between strength performance and material sustainability. Microstructural analysis with SEM confirmed these findings, revealing well-formed C-S-H and reduced pore spaces at the optimal replacement ratio. Overall, rectified tile waste demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable cement replacement material, offering reductions in cement consumption, CO<inf>2</inf> emissions, and ceramic waste disposal while maintaining or improving mechanical performance.
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Exploration demonstrates high yield and favorable characteristics of crude bio-oil derived by pyrolysis from natural rubber waste for applying as liquid biofuel and value-added product
(2026-01-01)
Palamanit, Arkom
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Ngampak, Supawich
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Ali, Liaqat
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Kongto, Pumin
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
Industrial processing of raw natural rubber (NR) and latex inevitably generates natural rubber waste. The aim of this study was to explore the yield and characteristics of crude bio-oil derived from industrial NR waste, with the goal of further upgrading it to liquid biofuel or other value-added products. Cup lump rubber (CLR) and skim rubber (SR) wastes were pyrolyzed at 400, 450, 500, and 550 °C for 45 min. The results show that pyrolysis of CLR and SR wastes provided crude bio-oils with good yield and very favorable characteristics. The maximum bio-oil yields from CLR and SR wastes were 83 wt.% and 80 wt.%, respectively, achieved at 450 °C. The pH and density of the bio-oil samples were in the ranges of 5.15–9.02 and 885–922.50 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. All the bio-oil samples had a very low water content (< 0.2 wt.%). High carbon and hydrogen contents in the bio-oils led to superior higher heating values (38.3–39.1 MJ/kg). Chemical compounds identified by GC-MS revealed a high content of D-Limonene (C<inf>10</inf>H<inf>16</inf>) at 36.16% in the bio-oil from CLR waste. These results are crucial for further upgrading the bio-oil from industrial CLR and SR wastes, to liquid biofuels or other value-added products.
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Valorization of industrial by-product gypsum for sustainable lightweight brick: Performance, microstructure and environmental safety assessments
(2025-12-01)
Zhang, Longjian
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Zhang, Fengyi
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Tan, Tee How
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Saingam, Panumas
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Leong, Geok Wen
Sustainable development and the utilization of renewable resources are crucial for addressing environmental degradation and resource depletion, particularly in the construction industry. Bricks are one of the common construction materials, and their production has a substantial environmental impact. Phosphogypsum (PG), an industrial by-product gypsum with low recycling rates, is being explored as an alternative material for bricks. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of a novel lightweight PG-based brick (LPB), focusing on its engineering performance and environmental safety as a critical scientific evaluation prior to industrial application. The evaluation emphasizes the brick's service performance and safety characteristics. Additionally, the properties of the produced LPB were compared with three different types of commercial bricks, namely autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) brick, cement sand brick (CSB), and red clay brick (RCB). The results demonstrate that LPB exhibits compressive strength (5.2 MPa) comparable to that of AAC bricks and CSB, along with good water resistance. Although LPB has a lower compressive strength than RCB, its lightweight nature (890 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) offers distinct advantages. Furthermore, the leachability of heavy metals from LPB, as well as the content of radionuclides in LPB, are below the limits outlined in GB 5085.3–2007 and GB 6566-2010, respectively. Therefore, LPB is suggested to be a viable brick option for non-load bearing applications in the construction industry without causing adverse environmental impacts. The research output can contribute to the promotion of sustainable building materials and the efficient utilization of PG resources.
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Development of djenkol peel extract-loaded liposome as functional food ingredients: Physicochemical characteristic, antioxidant activities, and cytotoxicity
(2025-06-01)
Chotphruethipong, Lalita
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Sinthusamran, Sirima
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Benjakul, Soottawat
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Senphan, Theeraphol
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Nalinanon, Sitthipong
Djenkol peel is an agricultural by-product containing valuable bioactive compounds. The direct use of its extract faces challenges related to stability and sensory acceptance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of djenkol peel extract (DPE) on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) using liposomes. The physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and cytotoxicity of the obtained liposomes were evaluated. DPE (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 %, w/v) was encapsulated using phospholipid/cholesterol as the wall material. The highest EE (66.69 %) was observed in the liposomes loaded with 0.25 % (w/v) DPE (LE-0.25DPE) (P < 0.05). All DPE-loaded liposomes displayed nanometer-scale particle sizes (78.94–135.60 nm) and negative zeta potentials (−52.60 to −57.50 mV). Encapsulation of DPE in liposomes can mask its undesirable color. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed changes in the physicochemical and thermal properties of LE-0.25DPE. Additionally, LE-0.25DPE showed increased DPPH radical-scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in a dose-dependent manner (250–2000 μg/mL). In vitro Caco-2 cell viability test, LE-0.25DPE at 0.1–1 μg/mL exhibited no cytotoxicity compared to the control (P < 0.05). Thus, DPE-loaded liposomes demonstrate potential as a functional food ingredient with high bioactivity.
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Synthesis and characterization of aluminosilicate and zinc silicate from sugarcane bagasse fly ash for adsorption of aflatoxin B1
(2024-12-01)
Niamnuy, Chalida
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Sungsinchai, Sirada
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Jarernsamrit, Prapaporn
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Devahastin, Sakamon
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Chareonpanich, Metta
Sugarcane bagasse fly ash, a residual product resulting from the incineration of biomass to generate power and steam, is rich in SiO<inf>2</inf>. Sodium silicate is a fundamental material for synthesizing highly porous silica-based adsorbents to serve circular practices. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a significant contaminant in animal feeds, necessitates the integration of adsorbents, crucial for reducing aflatoxin concentrations during the digestive process of animals. This research aimed to synthesize aluminosilicate and zinc silicate derived from sodium silicate based on sugarcane bagasse fly ash, each characterized by a varied molar ratio of aluminum (Al) to silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) to silicon (Si), respectively. The primary focus of this study was to evaluate their respective capacities for adsorbing AFB1. It was revealed that aluminosilicate exhibited notably superior AFB1 adsorption capabilities compared to zinc silicate and silica. Furthermore, the adsorption efficacy increased with higher molar ratios of Al:Si for aluminosilicate and Zn:Si for zinc silicate. The N<inf>2</inf> confirmed AFB1 adsorption within the pores of the adsorbent. In particular, the aluminosilicate variant with a molar ratio of 0.08 (Al:Si) showcased the most substantial AFB1 adsorption capacity, registering at 88.25% after an in vitro intestinal phase. The adsorption ability is directly correlated with the presence of surface acidic sites and negatively charged surfaces. Notably, the kinetics of the adsorption process were best elucidated through the application of the pseudo-second-order model, effectively describing the behavior of both aluminosilicate and zinc silicate in adsorbing AFB1.
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Exploration of characteristics and synthesis gas suitability for heat generation of coffee biomass pellets produced by single and co-pelletization
(2023-12-01)
Palamanit, Arkom
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Kongto, Pumin
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Chaiprapat, Sumate
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Dejchanchaiwong, Racha
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
Production of coffee beans generates various types of biomass that can be applied as bioenergy for drying and roasting the beans. Thus, the aims of this study were to explore the characteristics of coffee biomass pellets (CBPs) produced from coffee cherry pulp (CCP), coffee parchment (CPM), and expired green coffee beans (ECB) by single and co-pelletization. The CBPs were then used to produce the synthesis gas in a downdraft gasifier, and the syngas properties were investigated for further heat applications. The results showed that single and co-pelletization of CCP and CPM performed well. The CBPs had good physiochemical properties in shape, size, and atomic ratios. The higher heating value and energy density of CBPs were 19.25-24.29 MJ/kg and 12.09-14.87 GJ/m3. The ash from CBPs was rich in K2O, CaO and MgO oxides, and the CPM ash had the lowest initial deformation temperature at 1136 °C. The ash samples from CBPs also had different slagging and fouling indexes. The syngas from CBPs mainly contained H2 (6.85-9.30%), CO (12.15-18.85%), and CO2 (10.85-13.75%). The heating value and tar concentration of syngas from CBPs were 3.24-4.32 MJ/m3 and 21.75-30.92 g/m3. The main chemical compounds in tar were styrene, phenol, caffeine, and pyrrole according to GC-MS. These results indicate that CCP and CPM have potential for pelletization and gasification to generate heat needed for coffee bean processing.
1
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Coal bottom ash use in traditional ceramic production: evaluation of engineering properties and indoor air pollution removal ability
(2020-11-01)
Ongwandee, Maneerat
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Namepol, Kan
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Yongprapat, Kamolchai
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Homwuttiwong, Sahalaph
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Pattiya, Adisak
Coal bottom ash (CBA) disposed to landfills causes environmental issues. Thus, we used CBA in traditional clay ceramics that had the triple advantage of consuming troublesome waste, adsorbing volatile organics and being decorative indoors, replacing up to 40% by weight of clay with CBA and firing from 700 to 1300 °C. Clay and CBA mixtures were cast, cured at room temperature for 24 h and fired at several temperatures. Firing temperature impacted linear shrinkage, water absorption and fracture toughness, more strongly than CBA mixing proportion. Above 1000 °C, fracture toughness and water absorption resistance was enhanced but shrinkage increased. However, adding CBA lessened the contraction. SEM confirmed complete sintering as clay particles fused as a rigid solid above 1000 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns of ceramics containing CBA showed crystobalite and labradorite, in addition to quartz, due to flux materials in CBA. Leachability tests showed that the CBA ceramics were not ‘toxic’ on the USEPA TCLP regulatory list. Adsorption of gaseous toluene, a representative indoor pollutant, followed a Freundlich model: CBA made the adsorption sites more homogeneous, reduced the interaction mechanisms on the surfaces and thus the Freundlich exponent. Increased CBA increased toluene adsorption by 2–7 times.

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