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    Evaluation of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae protein extract as a cryoprotectant for frozen Pacific white shrimp
    (2026-06-15)
    Kittiphattanabawon, Phanat
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    Phaonakrop, Narumon
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    Roytrakul, Sittiruk
    This study evaluated the application of yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor ) larvae protein extract (YMPE) as a clean-label cryoprotectant for frozen Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ), with emphasis on its underlying mechanism. Proteomic profiling identified 12 antifreeze protein-like peptides containing conserved ice-binding motifs (TCTxSxxCxxAx), supporting the cryoprotective potential of YMPE. During dose optimization, shrimp treated with 0.5% YMPE exhibited the highest weight gain (5.57%) and lowest freezable water content (59.67%) (P < 0.05). The cryoprotective efficacy of YMPE was further evaluated over five freeze–thaw cycles in comparison with distilled water and mixed phosphate. YMPE significantly mitigated quality deterioration by enhancing water retention, preserving protein functionality (higher Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase activity), and reducing lysosomal enzyme leakage relative to the control (P < 0.05). Microstructural analysis revealed reduced muscle fiber disruption, characterized by fewer inter-fiber gaps. Mechanistically, YMPE may exert cryoprotective effects through a multimodal mechanism involving ice recrystallization inhibition and formation of a protective protein matrix. Although less effective than mixed phosphate, YMPE consistently improved all quality parameters compared with the control. These findings highlight the potential of insect-derived protein extracts as a novel, biologically based alternative to phosphate additives in seafood processing and provide a foundation for future industrial application.
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    Impact of divalent salts and bovine gelatin on gel properties of phosphorylated gelatin from the skin of unicorn leatherjacket
    (2014-01-01)
    Kaewruang, Phanngam
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    Benjakul, Soottawat
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    Prodpran, Thummanoon
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    Encarnacion, Angel B.
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    The impact of zinc chloride (ZnCl<inf>2</inf>) and calcium chloride (CaCl<inf>2</inf>) as well as bovine gelatin (BG) on the gel strength of phosphorylated fish gelatin (PFG) from the skin of unicorn leatherjacket was investigated. The gel strength of PFG increased with increasing concentrations of ZnCl<inf>2</inf> and CaCl<inf>2</inf> (2.5-40μmol L<sup>-1</sup>). A higher gel strength was observed with CaCl<inf>2</inf>, compared with ZnCl<inf>2</inf>. The gel strength of PFG with 20μmolL<sup>-1</sup> CaCl<inf>2</inf> increased by 15.7%, compared to the control gel. Nevertheless, at higher concentration (40μmolL<sup>-1</sup>) of both salts, gel strength of PFG decreased. Hardness of gels decreased with increasing PFG content (P<0.05). Nevertheless, no differences in hardness were found amongst gels with BG/PFG ratios of 4:0 and 3:1 (P≥0.05). Thus, PFG could be used in combination with CaCl<inf>2</inf> to substitute for BG at a level of 25%. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Structural characteristic and molecular docking simulation of fish protein-derived peptides: Recent updates on antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic peptides
    (2023-03-30)
    Prakash Nirmal, Nilesh
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    Singh Rajput, Mithun
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    Bhojraj Rathod, Nikheel
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    Mudgil, Priti
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    Pati, Siddhartha
    Over the decade, fish protein-derived peptides (FPDP) have been evaluated for various biological activities including their mechanism of action through structure–activity relationship (SAR) and molecular simulation. SAR studies are known to provide the basic structural information of the active site which can be used for designing synthetic bioactive peptides for application in therapeutics and medicinal purposes. In light of the above discussion, this review discusses the mechanism of action and SAR of the FPDP with a focus on three widely studied bioactive properties including antioxidant, antihypertensive and anti-diabetic activities. The emphasis is given to the recently purified and identified FPDP from various seafood resources. A brief discussion has been made on their structural characteristics and mechanism of action towards antioxidant, angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. Additionally, the importance and future perspective of SAR of food-derived bioactive peptides have been addressed.
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    Chitin and chitosan from shellfish waste and their applications in agriculture and biotechnology industries
    (2025-01-01)
    Rai, Sampurna
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    Pokhrel, Prashant
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    Udash, Pranaya
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    Chemjong, Menjo
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    Bhattarai, Namita
    A shellfish processing plant generates only 30–40% of edible meat, while 70–60% of portions are considered inedible or by-products. This large amount of byproduct or shellfish processing waste contains 20–40% chitin, that can be extracted using chemical or greener alternative extraction technologies. Chitin and its derivative (chitosan) are natural polysaccharides with nontoxicity, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties. Due to their versatile physicochemical, mechanical, and various bioactivities, these compounds find applications in various industries, including: biomedical, dental, cosmetics, food, textiles, agriculture, and biotechnology. In the agricultural sector, these compounds have been reported to promote: plant growth, plant defense system, slow release of nutrients in fertilizer, plant nutrition, and remediate soil conditions, etc. Whereas, biotechnology applications indicated: enhanced enzyme stability and efficacy, water purification and remediation, application in fuel cells and supercapacitors for energy conversion, acting as a catalyst in chemical synthesis, etc. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the utilization of these biopolymers in agriculture (fertilizer, seed coating, soil treatment, and bioremediation) and biotechnology (enzyme immobilization, energy conversion, wastewater treatment, and chemical synthesis). Additionally, various extraction techniques including conventional and non-thermal techniques have been reported. Lastly, concluding remarks and future direction have been provided.
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    Impact of different ultrasound-assisted processes for preparation of collagen hydrolysates from Asian bullfrog skin on characteristics and antioxidative properties
    (2022-09-01)
    Indriani, Sylvia
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    Sae-leaw, Thanasak
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    Benjakul, Soottawat
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    Hong Quan, Tran
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    Karnjanapratum, Supatra
    This study focused on impact of ultrasound-assisted process (UAP) at pre-treatment (UP) and simultaneous treatment (US) during papain hydrolysis for preparing collagen hydrolysate (CH) from Asian bullfrog skin. Ultrasonication times were varied (10, 20, 30 min), and CH prepared using papain hydrolysis without UAP was used as control. Different UAPs provided CH with various hydroxyproline contents, α-amino group contents, surface hydrophobicities, and antioxidative activities. UP at 20 min (UP-20) and US at 30 min (US-30) provided highly antioxidative CHs, which were selected for further studies on their Oxygen reactive absorbance capacity (ORAC) and molecular characteristics. CHs from UP-20 and US-30 had higher ORAC than that of control group (p ≤ 0.05). Slight difference in amino acid composition was detected between samples. Based on these results, molecular characteristic styles, molecular weight profile, antioxidative peptide content, and secondary structure of each sample were obtained. These results indicate that UP and US used varied enzymatic hydrolysis patterns and modified molecular conformation of CH, resulting in enhanced antioxidative activity. Therefore, different UAPs as UP and US could be effectively used in preparation of CH using papain hydrolysis from Asian bullfrog skin, which could improve production process efficiency by enhancing their bioactivity, particularly antioxidative activity.
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    Sheepskin gelatin-based edible film: The use of soybean oil as a plasticizer
    (2024-01-01)
    Hasdar, Muhamad
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    This study aimed to develop edible films based on sheepskin gelatin, incorporating soybean oil as a plasticizer. Treatment was divided into three groups, namely GO1, GO2, and GO3, each containing soybean oil at 0%, 2.5%, and 5% (v/v). A homogenizer was used to combine gelatin from sheepskin and soybean oil. Then, ultrasound was applied to form edible films. The results showed that adding soybean oil increased the films thickness, opacity, water resistance, and moisture content. However, it decreased the transparency and swelling of the films. It also did not affect the water activity of the films. The GO3 sample had the highest L∗ value, a∗, and b∗ values. It also had the lowest ΔE value, which indicated that it was close to the color of the original material. The peak wavenumbers changed after adding soybean oil, especially in the amide A and fingerprint regions. A notable shift occurred at the peak wavenumber of 1744.94 cm-1, which represented the vibrational stretching of C=O in triglycerides. The produced edible film had low flexibility, but it serves as a valuable reference for developing safe and practical films using gelatin sheepskin with natural oils as plasticizers.
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    Amphibian Skin and Skin Secretion: An Exotic Source of Bioactive Peptides and Its Application
    (2023-03-01)
    Indriani, Sylvia
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    Karnjanapratum, Supatra
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    Nirmal, Nilesh Prakash
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    Amphibians have been consumed as an alternative protein source all around the world due to their delicacy. The skin of edible amphibians, particularly frogs and giant salamanders, always goes to waste without further utilization. However, these wastes can be utilized to extract protein and bioactive peptides (BPs). Various BPs have been extracted and reported for numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, etc. The main BPs identified were brevinins, bombesins, dermaseptins, esculentins, magainin, temporins, tigerinins, and salamandrins. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on various BPs isolated and identified from different amphibian skins or skin secretion and their biological activities. The general nutritional composition and production statues of amphibians were described. Additionally, multiple constraints against the utilization of amphibian skin and secretions are reported. Finally, the prospective applications of BPs in food and biomedical industries are presented such as multifunctional food additives and/or supplements as well as drug delivery agents.
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    Ultrasound-assisted extraction of collagen from clown featherback (Chitala ornata) skin: yield and molecular characteristics
    (2021-01-30)
    Petcharat, Tanyamon
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    Benjakul, Soottawat
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    Karnjanapratum, Supatra
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    BACKGROUND: Clown featherback (Chitala ornata) skin, a by-product from the filleting process line, could serve as a good aquatic collagenous source. Nevertheless, the typical collagen extraction method is a time-consuming process providing a relatively low yield. Ultrasound had been reported to be an alternative technique for enhancing the extraction efficiency of several compounds, although the harsh conditions of ultrasound could affect their physicochemical and molecular characteristics. Thus, the application of ultrasonication under appropriate conditions could comprise a promising means for improving the extraction efficiency of collagen from clown featherback skin. RESULTS: Ultrasonication using different amplitudes (20–80%) and times (10–30 min) was implemented during extraction. An ultrasound-assisted process (UAP) was able to increase the yield of collagen (P ˂ 0.05) and could also result in a collagen purity decrease as evaluated by hydroxyproline content. There was no dramatic change in the solubility of resulting collagens. UAP induced protein degradation, particularly with an increasing amplitude and time, where slight changes in the isoelectric point value of collagen were observed. UAP had no adverse effect on molecular structure, where a triple-helical structure was still retained when an 80% amplitude was employed for 10 min (UAP-80/10-C). The amino acid composition of UAP-80/10-C reconfirmed the unique characteristic of collagen containing imino acid. CONCLUSION: An UAP under appropriate conditions could be used to improve the extraction yield with minimal effects on the molecular integrity of the resulting collagen. In addition, fish skin waste from the cutting process line, particularly clown featherback skin, could be exploited as a value-added product, comprising fish skin collagen. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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    Physicochemical characteristics of glucosamine from blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) shell prepared by acid hydrolysis
    (2018-12-01)
    Kraisangsri, Jittrakan
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    Riebroy, Siriporn
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    Yarnpakdee, Suthasinee
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    Ganesan, Palanivel
    The aim of this research was to characterize glucosamine hydrochloride (GluHCl) from the shell of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus). The crab shell was finely milled and processed to chitin prior to HCl hydrolysis using 30 % HCl for 30 min at 100 ºC for glucosamine production. The resultant glucosamine was recovered by crystallization using 95 % ethanol and was dried in a hot air oven. The color of the glucosamine crystals, expressed as L*, a*, and b*, was 83.01, 5.03, and-3.38, respectively. Crab shell glucosamine had high purity, which could be strongly stained by ninhydrin and presented at the same Rf of standard D-glucosamine using thin layer chromatography. Furthermore, prepared glucosamine exhibited similar Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum as standard D-glucosamine. Glucosamine from blue swimming crab shell had high purity as determined by HPLC and contained 808.15 mg D-glucosamine/g sample. The maximal transition temperature (T<inf>max</inf>) and the total enthalpy (ΔH) of prepared glucosamine were 194 ºC and 754.42 J/g, respectively. As a consequence, with the presented method, the resultant glucosamine was characterized to be D-glucosamine. Therefore, blue swimming crab shell, a byproduct from crab meat processing, has high potential as a raw material to produce glucosamine for food and nutraceutical applications.
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    Effects of sterilization times on physicochemical properties of canned gruel produced from red jasmine brown rice fortified with D-glucosamine
    (2017-07-01)
    Kraisangsri, Jittrakan
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    Glucosamine prepared from crustacean wastes is widely used for inflammatory bowel disease and osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. In the present study, glucosamine prepared from blue swimming crab shells (Portunus pelagicus), a by-product from crab processing, was added into red jasmine brown rice gruel to be a new food item for elderly. Effects of different sterilization times and physicochemical properties of canned gruel prepared from red jasmine brown rice incorporated with glucosamine were studied. Canned gruels, in presence of D-glucosamine (1.13% w/v or 1,500 mg/can (307x113 cm)) were sterilized at 121ºC for different sterilization times (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min). The results showed that glucosamine was reduced by 33.7% during sterilization for 10 min. Glucosamine content was then gradually decreased after 30 min of sterilization. A pH value of canned gruel was decreased from 5.84±0.03 to 3.81±0.01 with increasing time of sterilization (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the increasing in turbidity and lowering L* a* and b* of canned gruel were detected as longer time of sterilization. The highest viscosity of gruel milk was found at 40 min of sterilization (12.75±0.41 cps) (p<0.05). Thereafter, a slight decrease in viscosity was noticeable. With increasing sterilization times, lower hardness and greater stickiness of canned gruel were obtained. These results suggest that canned gruel prepared from red jasmine brown rice supplemented with glucosamine can be applied as new food product for elderly or health concerning consumers, particularly for bone and joint problems.