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    A study on dynamic response of functionally graded sandwich beams under different dynamic loadings
    (2018-08-14)
    Songsuwan, Wachirawit
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    Wattanasakulpong, Nuttawit
    In this research, free and forced vibration of functionally graded sandwich beams is considered using Timoshenko beam theory which takes into account the significant effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia. The governing equations of motion are formulated from Lagrange's equations and they are solved by using The Ritz and Newmark methods. The results are presented in both tabular and graphical forms to show the effects of layer thickness ratios, boundary conditions, length to height ratios, etc. on natural frequencies and dynamic deflections of the beams. According to the numerical results, all parametric studies considered in this research have significant impact on free and forced behaviour of the beams; for example, the frequency is low and the dynamic deflection is large for the beams which are hinged at both ends.
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    Optimum airflow to reduce particle contamination inside welding automation machine of hard disk drive production line
    Welding automation machine (WAM), used for welding minute components to the head gimbal assembly (HGA) of a hard disk drive (HDD), needs to operate in a strictly clean environment. In today’s HDD factories, to prevent airborne particle contamination to the WAM, Fan Filter Units (FFUs) are installed on top of it to supply clean air and blow away outside airborne micro particles, keeping the microenvironment clean. Furthermore, the mass of the clean air should also carry away harmful particles generated inside the microenvironment. In this research, numerical simulation of airflow inside a WAM was performed in order to verify these cleaning functions of the airflow. A transition shear stress transport turbulence model was employed to simulate airflow from the FFUs through and out of the microenvironment. The simulation results showed that the airflow from the FFUs truly performs the two cleaning functions as intended. Moreover, they also revealed that the optimum air speed, the speed resulting in the lowest particle counts, is in the range of 0.35–0.55 m/s. Our findings can be useful for developers who may use FFUs to reduce particle counts in the environment of other types of industrial machinery.
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    Performance assessment in a heat exchanger tube with opposite/parallel wing twisted tapes
    (2015-01-01)
    Eiamsa-Ard, S.
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    The thermohydraulic performance in a tube containing a modified twisted tape with alternate-axes and wing arrangements is reported. This work aims to investigate the effects of wing arrangements (opposite (O) and parallel (P) wings) at different wing shapes (triangle (Tri), rectangular (Rec), and trapezoidal (Tra) wings) and on the thermohydraulic performance characteristics. The obtained results show that wing twisted tapes with all wing shape arrangements (O-Tri/O-Rec/O-Tra/P-Tri/P-Rec/P-Tra) give superior thermohydraulic performance and heat transfer rate to the typical twisted tape. In addition, the tapes with opposite wing arrangement of O-Tra, O-Rec, and O-Tri give superior thermohydraulic performances to those with parallel wing arrangement of P-Tra, P-Rec, and P-Tri around 2.7%, 3.5%, and 3.2%, respectively.
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    Thermal characterization in a circular tube fitted with inclined horseshoe baffles
    (2015-01-22) ;
    Tamna, Sombat
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    In the present study, the influence of inclined horseshoes baffles placed repeatedly in a tubular heat exchanger on heat transfer rate, friction factor and thermal enhancement factor are experimentally determined. The horseshoe baffle elements with an inclination angle of 20° were inserted periodically into the test tube at three different baffle-pitch ratios (P<inf>R</inf> = 0.5, 1.0 and 2) and -width or blockage ratios (B<inf>R</inf> = 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2). The experiment was conducted in the test tube having a uniform heat-fluxed wall by varying turbulent airflow to obtain Reynolds number in a range of 5300-24,000. The experimental results revealed that the tube fitted with inclined horseshoes baffles provides considerable improvement of the heat transfer rate over the plain tube around 92-208% while the friction factor is increased at about 1.76-6.37 times. To access the real benefits for the inclined horseshoes baffles inserted in plain tube, thermal performance factor is examined and found to be in the range of 1.34-1.92 at which the maximum obtained at P<inf>R</inf> = 0.5 and B<inf>R</inf> = 0.1 is considerably higher than that for published inserted devices. Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor for the oblique horseshoe-baffled tube are also proposed.
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    Numerical simulation of two-dimensional laminar unsteady flow past a right trapezoidal cylinder at low Reynolds number: Study of sharpening angle, time step, grid independence and domain size
    (2018-08-14)
    Lamtharn, Sodsai
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    Numerical simulation of two-dimensional laminar unsteady flow past a right trapezoidal cylinder at low Reynolds number (Re = 100), zero of the flow approaching angle and sharpening angle of the right trapezoidal of 22.5° with a side ratio B/A = 1 are carried out to provide moreapplicable data for engineering design of barred tee in aspect of structural integrity. A finite volume method, non-uniform meshing with second-order implicit time discretization into eight-node quadratic quadrilateral finite elements is employed. An incompressible flow SIMPLEC code with constant fluid properties is used. The convective terms using a third-order QUICK scheme. The numerical simulation result is compared against the published results of flow past a square cylinder. The effect of sharpening angle on the response of the right trapezoidal cylinder is investigated. A special study of the effects of flow on significant factor for time step, grid independence, blockage ratio, domain size, upstream and downstream extents, size domain next to cylinder and size domain extent are performed systematically. The Strouhal number and RMS lift coefficients of fully saturated flow are calculated. The result shown that increasing of sharpening angle, the Strouhal number is negligible changed whilst the RMS lift coefficients significantly increased.
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    Thermal performance of heat exchanger tube inserted with curved-winglet tapes
    The paper deals with the effect of curved-winglet (CW) inserts on thermal and flow behaviors in a constant heat-fluxed tube. A straight tape is used to support the 45° CWs mounted repeatedly on both tape sides to generate two pairs of longitudinal counter-rotating vortices along the test tube in order to assist the chaotic flow mixing and to disrupt the boundary layer leading to faster rate of heat transfer. The airflow and heat transfer behaviors in the tube are examined for Reynolds number (Re) in the range of 4150–25,400. The curved-winglet tape (CWT) parameters involved are the winglet attack angle of 45° three relative winglet heights (b/D = B<inf>R</inf> = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) and winglet pitches, (P/D = P<inf>R</inf> = 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0). The investigation reveals that the maximum thermal enhancement factor (TEF) of the CWT is about 1.62 at B<inf>R</inf> = 0.1 and P<inf>R</inf> = 1.0. For further improvement, the CWT at B<inf>R</inf> = 0.1 and P<inf>R</inf> = 1.0 is modified by punching the CW to be the perforated-curved-winglet tape (P-CWT) to reduce the pressure loss. The P-CWT characteristics include five different punched hole diameters (d = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mm). The experimental results show that TEF of all the P-CWTs is higher than that of the CWT and the maximum TEF of 1.76 higher than the CWT around 9% is found for d = 1.5 mm. To understand the flow pattern and heat transfer mechanism, a three-dimensional CFD investigation is also performed and for validation, the good agreement between numerical and experimental results is found. For experimental data, empirical correlations for Nu, f and TEF for the CWT and P-CWT inserts are also determined.
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    Turbulent heat transfer in a microfin tube with twisted tape insert
    (2012-12-01)
    Eiamsa-Ard, Smith
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    Kongkaitpaiboon, Vichan
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    Eiamsa-Ard, Petpices
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    The purpose of the present study is to investigate experimentally the heat transfer, turbulent flow friction and thermal performance factor characteristics in a microfin tube with a twisted tape insert. In the experiment, heat transfer augmentation is expected from both the turbulence of flow near the tube wall produced by fin surface and the swirling flow generated by the twisted tape. Effect of the twisted tape at different twist ratios of y/W = 3, 4 and 5 on the heat transfer enhancement characteristics is also reported. In the experimental set-up, cold water was passed through the uniform heat flux tube in a range of Reynolds number between 5000 and 17000. The experimental results obtained are compared with those from plain tubes. The results show that the thermal performance from using the microfin tube fitted with twisted tape is considerably higher than that from the microfin tube alone. The Nusselt numbers and friction factors are found to be, respectively, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 times over the microfin tube alone for the microfin tube combined with twisted tape. In addition, the results demonstrate that as the twist ratio (y/W) decreases, the twisted tape will give better heat transfer enhancement. The microfin tube combined with twisted tape provides higher thermal performance factor than those the microfin tube alone around 172%, 142% and 124%, respectively, for y/W = 3, 4 and 5. The results were correlated in the form of Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and twist ratio.
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    Thermal performance assessment of turbulent flow through dimpled tubes
    (2010-12-01)
    Nivesrangsan, Pornchai
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    Pethkool, Somsak
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    Nanan, Kwanchai
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    Eiamsa-rd, Smith
    This paper presents the heat transfer augmentation and friction factor characteristics by means of dimpled tubes. The experiments were conducted using the dimpled tubes with two different dimpled-surface patterns including aligned arrangement (A-A) and staggered arrangement (S-A), each with two pitch ratios (PR = p/D<inf>i</inf> = 0.6 and 1.0), for Reynolds number ranging from 9800 to 67,000. The experimental results achieved from the dimpled tubes are compared with those obtained from the plain tube. Evidently, the dimpled tubes with both arrangements offer higher heat transfer rates compared to the plain tube and the dimpled tube with staggered arrangement shows an advantage on the basis of heat transfer enhancement over the dimpled tube with aligned arrangement. The increase in heat transfer rate with reducing pitch ratio is due to the higher turbulent intensity imparted to the flow between the dimple surfaces. The mean heat transfer rate offered by the dimpled tube with staggered arrangement (S-A) at the lowest pitch ratio (PR = 0.6), is higher than those provided by the plain tube and the dimpled tube with aligned arrangement (AA) at the same PR by around 127% and 8%, respectively. The empirical correlations developed in terms of pitch ratio (PR), Prandtl number (Pr) and Reynolds number, are fitted the experimental data within ±8% and ±2% for Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f), respectively. In addition, the thermal performance factors under an equal pumping power constraint of the dimple tubes for both dimpled-surface arrangements are also determined. © 2010 by ASME.
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    Heat transfer evaluation of turbulent flows through gear-ring elements
    (2017-01-01)
    Ruengpayungsak, K.
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    Wongcharee, K.
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    Heat transfer and friction loss characteristics in tubular heat exchangers with gear-ring turbulators (GR-Ts) have been experimentally and numerically investigated. The GR-Ts with different free-space length ratios (SR = s/D = 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) and tooth numbers (N = 8, 16 and 24), were experimentally tested under constant wall heat flux in turbulent flow (Reynolds numbers from 6000 to 20,000). Air was used as the working fluid. The behaviors in a plain tube and the tube with a conventional ring turbulators (N = 0) were also studied for comparison. The results show that utilizing tubes with GR-Ts leads to the increases of heat transfer coefficient and pressure loss as compared to those associated with the use of a plain tube. Heat transfer enhancement and friction increase with decreasing free-space length ratio (SR) and tooth number (N). Among the investigated inserts, the conventional ring turbulators (N = 0) with free-space length ratio, SR = 1.0 give the highest heat transfer rate and friction factor at 2.7 times and 15.5 times of those of the plain tube. However, the maximum thermal performance factor of 1.3 is obtained by using the GR-Ts with the largest free-space length ratio and maximum tooth number (SR = 3.0 and N = 24). At SR = 3.0, the GR-Ts with tooth numbers (N) of 0, 8, 16 and 24 yield thermal performance factors up to 1.24, 1.26, 1.28 and 1.3, respectively. The numerical results are given for a better understanding of flow and heat transfer characteristics associated with the use of GR-Ts.
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    Heat transfer enhancement in a channel with rib-groove turbulators
    (2010-04-01)
    Kaewkohkiat, Y.
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    Kongkaitpaiboon, V.
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    Eiamsa-Ard, S.
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    This paper presents the effects of the rib-groove turbulators on the heat transfer and friction characteristics in a rectangular channel. The experiments encompass the Reynolds number range from 1800 to 10,000; pitch ratios (PR=P/e) 6.6-13.3 by using air as the working fluid. The obtained results demonstrate that heat transfer rate in term of Nusselt number (Nu) increases with the increase of Reynolds number, whereas friction factor (f) shows the opposite trend. Both Nusselt number and friction factor increase with decreasing pitch ratio. It is also observed that heat transfer rate and friction factor for the channels with rib-groove turbulators are higher than those for the smooth channel under similar test conditions. In addition, the correlations for heat transfer rate in term of Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) for channel with rib-groove turbulators are also presented. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.