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    Improvement of the Electrical Performance of Outdoor Porcelain Insulators by Utilization of a Novel Nano-TiO2 Coating for Application in Railway Electrification Systems
    (2023-01-01)
    Muangpratoom, Pichai
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    Khonchaiyaphum, Issaraporn
    ;
    The present study aimed to develop the electrical performance of outdoor insulators using a nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating for railway electrification systems. The prototype design of porcelain insulators with normal coatings and using a nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating is based on IEC 60815-1. The first test was performed to measure the low-frequency flashover AC voltage under both dry and wet conditions. In addition, the other test was conducted to measure the lightning impulse critical-flashover voltage at positive and negative polarity under dry-normal and wet-contaminated conditions. X-ray diffraction (X-RD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the micro surface and show that the nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating was adhered to the surface of the outdoor porcelain insulator and exists in an amorphous state. Additionally, it was observed and discovered that scattered nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> strengthens the glassy matrix and creates a sturdy barrier that causes flashover voltage to be reduced under conditions of high dielectric strength. Nanostructured ceramic formulations outperform ordinary porcelain in terms of breakdown voltage strength, particularly for the insulators’ low-frequency flashover performances under dry and wet test conditions. However, a significant change in the lightning impulse critical-flashover voltage characteristics is observed and is not much better when adding the nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating to the porcelain insulators.
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    Synergistic Enhancement of Mechanical and Dielectric Properties in BaTiO3/PDMS Composites for Flexible Energy Harvesting Devices
    (2026-01-01)
    Rerngroen, Nakulkarn
    ;
    Sasipongpan, Apinya
    ;
    This study presents the fabrication, characterization, and performance evaluation of flexible piezoelectric composites based on polydimethylsiloxane embedded with varying volume fractions (0–25 vol%) of barium titanate nanoparticles. The composites were prepared via a conventional casting method and systematically analyzed to investigate the synergistic enhancement of their mechanical, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the retention of the crystalline BaTiO<inf>3</inf> phase and its uniform dispersion within the PDMS matrix, with some agglomeration observed at higher filler loadings. Mechanical testing revealed that the 20 vol% BaTiO<inf>3</inf> composite exhibited optimal tensile strength and flexibility. Dielectric measurements showed significant increase in the dielectric constant with increasing BaTiO<inf>3</inf> content, with the 25 vol% composite achieving a 100% enhancement compared to pure PDMS. Theoretical modeling was employed to compare experimental results with established effective medium theories. Under cyclic compression, the composites demonstrated a progressive increase in output voltage, reaching up to ~426 V at 25 vol% BaTiO<inf>3</inf>, surpassing performance reported in previous studies. Additionally, the incorporation of carbon nanotubes further enhanced dielectric efficiency and mechanical stretchability, although a slight reduction in piezoelectric output was observed. These results underscore the potential of BaTiO<inf>3</inf>/PDMS nanocomposites, with and without CNTs, for next-generation flexible energy harvesting devices.
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    Tailoring charge affinity, dielectric property, and band gap of bacterial cellulose paper by multifunctional Ti2NbO7 nanosheets for improving triboelectric nanogenerator performance
    (2023-02-01)
    Sriphan, Saichon
    ;
    Pharino, Utchawadee
    ;
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    ;
    Pulphol, Phieraya
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    Transparent, flexible, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) from nature-derived materials are required for sustainable society development. However, low triboelectricity from natural material is generally observed. Tunable electronic band diagram (EBD) through facile manipulation is one of the efficient methods to promote the TENG output, requiring fundamental, in depth understanding. Herein, we employed the high quality, single crystal-like Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> nanosheets (NSs) with dual dielectric and semiconducting properties as filler for bacterial cellulose (BC)-based TENG. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet—visible (UV—vis) absorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were applied to characterize the long-range structure, microstructure, optical properties, elemental composition, and three-dimensional (3D) distribution of components in the composites. The semi-transparent and flexible 5 vol.% Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs/BC preserved the integrity of cellulose, contained well-dispersed nanosheets, reduced optical band gap (4.20 vs. 5.75 eV for BC), and increased surface roughness. The dielectric permittivity and conductivity increased with nanosheets content. Adding negatively-charged Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs could regulate the charge affinity of BC composite via shifting of Fermi energy over that of Al. It is found that adding 5 vol.% NSs into the BC film improved electrical outputs (~ 36 V and ~ 8.8 µA), which are 2–4 times higher than that of pure BC, even when paired with Al which lies adjacent in triboelectric series. Our work demonstrated the method to enhance BC-based TENG performance through EBD regulation using multifunctional Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    AC Conductivity and dielectric properties of lepidocrocite-type alkali titanate tunable by interlayer cation and intralayer metal
    (2020-11-02)
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    ;
    Sriphan, Saichon
    ;
    Pulphol, Phieraya
    ;
    ;
    The lepidocrocite-type layered alkali titanate AxMyTi2-yO4 has diverse chemical compositions with variation in charge per formula unit x, the interlayer cation A+, and the intralayer metal M. Despite this multivariable nature, the composition dependence of physical properties is not well explored. We report herein the AC conductivity and the complementary dielectric properties of Cs0.7M0.35Ti1.65O4, K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4 (M = Zn, Ni), and the mixed-interlayer ion Cs0.6K0.1Zn0.35Ti1.65O4. For Cs0.7Zn0.35Ti1.65O4, the total AC conductivity is ~7 × 10-8 to 2 × 10-6 S·cm-1 at 200-350 °C, associating with an activation energy Ea ∼865 meV. Meanwhile, the conductivity of K0.8Zn0.4Ti1.6O4 is higher by 1 order of magnitude at much lower temperature (25-150 °C) and a smaller Ea ∼250 meV. This difference originates from the compositional robustness of the cesium-containing samples, contrasting with the sintering-induced changes in the potassium analogues. For the latter, the loss of the interlayer K+ ion results in (i) generation of carriers due to charge compensation, (ii) reduction of sheet charge density and weakening of electrostatic attraction, and (iii) widening of the interlayer distance, all contributing to a lower Ea in K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4. The angular frequency dependence of conductivity, dielectric permittivity (up to a colossal value of 109), and dielectric loss follows the universal power law. Our work demonstrates the potential of simple compositional variation for electrical properties tuning, prompting a more in-depth investigation covering a wider range of possible candidates of x, A+, and M in lepidocrocite titanate.
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    Towards the preparation of organic ferroelectric composites: fabrication of a gamma-glycine-bacterial cellulose composite via cold sintering process
    (2023-07-01)
    Noisak, Jitrawan
    ;
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    ;
    ;
    Pinpru, Nattapong
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    The cold sintering process (CSP) has emerged as a revolutionary technique for low-temperature processing of ceramics and composites, enabling high-density fabrication at low temperatures. In this study, we demonstrated the implementation of CSP in fabricating the γ-glycine (γ-G)-bacterial cellulose (BC) composite and evaluated the effect of sintering temperature and holding time on the microstructure and electrical properties. Our findings revealed that an increase in sintering temperature and holding time leads to grain growth, as the transient solvent (water) facilitates the closely-packed microstructure. Moreover, the addition of BC as a filler into the γ-G matrix leads to a composite with a 10% increase in hardness when BC was uniformly distributed in γ-G. The composite with a relative density of 97% was successfully obtained at 120 °C/24 h, preserving the γ polymorph of glycine without the unwanted transformation commonly observed with traditional sintering. We also reported the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the γ-G-BC composite, exhibiting a remanent polarization of 0.004 μC/cm<sup>2</sup> and a coercive field of 1.201 kV/cm. Our findings suggest that CSP is a promising approach for low-temperature processing and fabrication of ceramics, especially when incorporating structurally sensitive filler such as organic ferroelectric, to achieve high-performance composites.
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    An architected silk fibroin-lignin multilayer with deep-level trapping states for high-output triboelectric nanogenerators
    (2026-03-01)
    Suktep, Natdanai
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    Sae-tang, Chanachot
    ;
    Ukasi, Sirinya
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    ;
    Supansomboon, Supitcha
    Biopolymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) are promising power sources for sustainable and flexible electronics, but their performance is often limited by severe charge recombination at the triboelectric interface. To overcome this critical bottleneck, we report an architected multilayer B-TENG featuring a silk fibroin (SF)/MgAl LDH composite as the charge-generating layer and, to our knowledge, for the first time, a lignin-functionalized SF film as a dedicated charge-trapping layer. The strategic incorporation of lignin, an abundant and sustainable biopolymer, introduces deep-level electronic trapping states originating from its abundant aromatic moieties. That effectively suppresses interfacial charge recombination and prolongs charge lifetime. By optimizing the contents of MgAl LDH and lignin, the device achieves a measured open circuit output voltage ( V <inf> OC </inf>) and current density ( J <inf> SC </inf>) of 96 V and 6.56 μA/cm<sup>3</sup>, with a maximum output power ( P <inf> max </inf>) of 205 μW, corresponding to a power density of 22.7 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>. We also propose a mechanistic linking of deep-level traps to prolonged charge lifetime and increased net transferable charge. The interface-engineering strategy demonstrated here paves the way for developing high-performance and sustainable biopolymer-based TENGs and motion sensors.
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    Effect of various nanofillers on the insulating properties of polyethylene composites
    (2022-01-01)
    Muenphan, Natcha
    ;
    This work focuses on the preparation of various inorganic nanoparticles i.e. Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, SiO<inf>2</inf>, TiO<inf>2</inf> including the waste glass powder filled in high-density polyethylene (HDPE H455JA) matrix to create high-performance composites. The glass powder prepared from broken windowpane was used in this study in order to use as a guideline to find substitutes for commercial materials and also add value to waste and reduce costs. The 2 wt% of each filler was weighed and mixed with HDPE to create a composite by using a simple mold casting technique. The physical, chemical and electrical properties were investigated for all samples. The results show that the ε<inf>r</inf> value of the pure HDPE and the HDPE-based composites are approximately the same in all frequencies and the ε<inf>r</inf> of pure HDPE tends to decrease about 7.8% at elevated temperature, whereas the ε<inf>r</inf> value of composites is less decreased at higher operating temperatures for all samples which can imply that the composites are more capable of operating at higher temperatures than pure HDPE itself. For the electrical resistivity, the ρ value gradually increases at elevated temperature for all samples and the composites show a higher ρ value than that of pure HDPE.
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    Recycling of Broken Waste Glass as Polyethylene Nanofiller for Electrical Insulating System
    (2022-01-01) ;
    Khunna, D.
    ;
    Buaphuen, P.
    ;
    ;
    Makcharoen, W.
    This work focuses on the preparation of a high-quality glass powder from the broken windowpane. The expected glass powder must show a high amount of silicon dioxide with fine particle size. The processing technique used in this work is coarse grinding and high-speed vibratory milling under a variety of conditions to get the best quality of glass powder. The particle size and particle size distribution were examined by using DLS technique. The chemical composition was examined by EDX together with FT-IR and XRF spectroscopies. The results showed that the wide range of particle size distribution occurred in all milling conditions, which approximately ranged from 0.3 to 7 µm, and the 270 min-milling time showed the smallest particle size of glass powder. The chemical analysis showed that the glass powder is rich in silica which contained about 70.47% of SiO<inf>2</inf>. After that, the various ratios of the glass powder/HDPE composites were formed by using the traditional casting method. The physical and electrical properties were investigated for all composites. The results showed that after adding glass powder into the HDPE matrix, the ε<inf>r</inf> value significantly drops due to the inorganic filler suppressed polarization within the systems. For the resistivity, the ρ value significantly increases after adding glass powder to the HDPE matrix for all compositions because this filler promotes the hinder of electric current flow. Finally, it can conclude that the waste glass powder can use as a filler in the HDPE-based composite as better as the commercial SiO<inf>2</inf> powder for the electrical insulting application.
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    The role of γ-C2H5NO2 as a new transient liquid phase in cold sintering process of BaTiO3 composites
    (2024-07-01)
    Noisak, Jitrawan
    ;
    Ieamviteevanich, Pimchanok
    ;
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    ;
    Pinpru, Nattapong
    Dielectric materials, such as barium titanate (BT)-based materials, have excellent dielectric properties but require high temperatures (above 1300 °C) for ceramic fabrication, leading to high costs and energy loss. The cold sintering process (CSP) offers a solution to these issues and is gaining worldwide attention as an innovative fabrication route. In this work, we proposed an alternative organic ferroelectric phase, gamma-glycine (γ-GC), which acts as a transient liquid phase to fabricate high-density composites with barium titanate (BT) at low temperatures through CSP. Our findings show that the density of 15γ-GC/85BT reached 96.7%±1.6% when it was sintered at 120 °C for 6 h under 10 MPa uniaxial pressure. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) mappings of the composite suggested that γ-GC completely underwent the precipitation–dissolution process and, therefore, filled between BT particles. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the preservation of γ-GC without undesired phase transformation. In addition, the ferroelectric and dielectric properties of γ-GC/BT composites have been reported. The high dielectric constant (ε<inf>r</inf>) was 3600, and the low dielectric loss (tanδ) was 1.20 at 200 °C and 100 kHz for the 15γ-GC/85BT composite. The hysteresis loop showed a remanent polarization (P<inf>r</inf>) of 0.55 µC·cm<sup>-2</sup> and a coercive field (E<inf>c</inf>) of 7.25 kV·cm<sup>-1</sup>. Our findings reaffirmed that an organic ferroelectric material (γ-GC) can act as a transient liquid phase in a CSP that can successfully and sustainably fabricate γ-GC/BT composites at low temperatures while delivering outstandingly high performance.
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    Polarization and Depolarization Current Characteristics of Thermally Stressed Stator Coils
    (2020-10-25)
    Thungsook, Kittisak
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    Phumipunepon, Natnaree
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    Worthong, Tehneht
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    Methavithit, Winai
    ;
    When the motor is exposed to thermal stress more than its limit, its insulation characteristic degrades and/or deteriorate. This paper presents the characteristic of stator coils under thermal stress by analyzing the polarization and depolarization current (PDC) characteristics. This research used a slot part of stator coils, which were obtained from a synchronous motor rated 6.6 kV with class F (155°C) insulation. Twelve test samples of motor stator coils were divided into four groups depending on the stress temperature levels, 100°C, 140°C, 180°C, and 220°C. Each specimen was heated at the specified temperature for four cycles (6 hours per cycle). To analyze the insulation characteristic of the tested specimen, PDC measurement was performed. It was found that the PDC magnitude decreased related to the number of thermal cycles and temperature levels, as described in this paper.