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    Process optimization, antioxidant activity and sensory characteristics of green tea made from young fragrant rice leaves cultivar Damgatondam
    (2019-01-01)
    Uthai, N.
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    Thamakorn, P.
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    Nokkoul, R.
    Green tea was made from one-month old leaves of the Thai upland black waxy rice cultivar Damgatondam (DGTD), which has a pleasant smell of jasmine. The objective was to determine the optimum process required to produce green tea that is acceptableto consumers and has health benefits. The processing conditions were steaming at 98 ± 2°C for 30, 45, 60 75, 90 or 105 sec then pan roasting at 70 ± 2°C for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 min and finally tray drying by using electrical cabinet tray dryer at 60 ± 2°C for 30, 45, 60 or 90 min. Brewed samples were compared to brewed samples of seven commercially available Camellia sinensis tea products by descriptive analysis with 10 trained panelists. The highest quality of DGTD tea was: steaming at 98 ± 2°C for 60 sec, which completely inactivated peroxidase enzymes and preserved the green color, followed by pan roasting at 70 ± 2°C for 30 min and tray drying at 60 ± 2°C for 90 min in order to achieve a moisture content of less than 5%. The proximate analysis showed the DGTD tea prepared by the above method had: 3.77% moisture content, 7.94% ash, 22.59% crude fiber, 2.58% fat and 17.73% protein. Moreover, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn and Na were 3400, 3200, 20400, 66.4, 139.1 and 113.8 mg/kg, respectively. It was found that protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, Mg, K and Na contents in DGTD tea, were higher than levels in tea from Camellia sinensis. Total phenolic content of DGTD tea was 9.53 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activity was 357.52 mM TE/g by Ferric reducing antioxidant power ( FRAP) , l34.08 mM TE/g by 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH) and 108.89 mM TE/g by 2,2'-azino-bis ( 3-ethylbenzothiazo line-6-sulphonic acid) ( ABTS) . The descriptive analysis of trained panels identified 11 particular attributes of DGTD tea, consisting of yellowness, clearness, tea odor, hay odor, green odor, seaweed odor, jasmine rice odor, tea flavor, seaweed flavor, bitter taste and astringent taste. The descriptive analysis showed that the DGTD tea was less bitter and astringent than the Camellia sinensis tea and its jasmine odor was positively accepted.
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    Luffa sponge offsets the negative effects of aeration on bacterial cellulose production
    (2016-12-01)
    Krusong, W.
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    ; ;
    Aims: To offset the negative effects of aeration on bacterial cellulose (BC) production by acetic acid bacteria using enmeshed cellulose microfibrils (CM) on luffa sponge matrices (LSM). Methods and Results: The CM were enmeshed on LSM (LSM-CM). The optimal amount of LSM-CM was determined for BC production under aerated conditions. Without LSM-CM, no BC was produced in seven out of nine production cycles at the highest aeration rate (9 l min<sup>−1</sup>). However, with 0·5% LSM-CM and an aeration rate of 3 l min<sup>−1</sup>, a satisfactory oxygen transfer coefficient was achieved, and also a good yield of BC (5·24 g l<sup>−1</sup>). Moreover, the LSM-CM was able to be recycled through nine consecutive BC production cycles. The highest BC yields (from 5·8 ± 0·4 to 6·6 ± 0·4 g l<sup>−1</sup>) were associated with high bacterial biomass and this was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Conclusions: We confirm that LSM-CM works well as a starter. Microenvironments low in dissolved oxygen within the matrices of LSM-CM are important for BC production under aeration conditions. Significance and Impact of the Study: The LSM-CM provides a microenvironment which offsets the negative effects of aeration on BC production. A sustainable, economic process for mass BC production is described using recycled LSM-CM with aeration.
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    Influence of calcium chloride in the high temperature acetification by strain Acetobacter aceti WK for vinegar
    (2015-11-01)
    Krusong, W.
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    ; ;
    Yaiyen, S.
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    Pornpukdeewatana, S.
    Aims: To improve the thermotolerant properties (TTP) of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) cells for high temperature acetification. Methods and Results: At high temperature (36 ± 1°C), the acetification rate (ETA) is usually lower than at 30 ± 1°C. The addition of 0·15% calcium chloride (CaCl<inf>2</inf>) may decrease the negative effect of the increase of temperature from 30 ± 1°C to 36 ± 1°C on the ETA. The effect of CaCl<inf>2</inf> on the thermotolerant properties of acetic acid bacteria cells was investigated. The CaCl<inf>2</inf> increased the content of phospholipids (phosphotidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol), fatty acids (cis-vaccenic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid) and the activities of membrane-bound enzymes involved in acetification, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Transmission electron microscope images revealed a more compact cell wall with CaCl<inf>2</inf>. Process consistency at 36 ± 1°C was tested in nine sequential acetification cycles using 0·15% (w/v) CaCl<inf>2</inf>. High ETAs (9·33 ± 0·6; 8·67 ± 0·8 and 9·67 ± 0·7 g l<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) were obtained during the last three cycles. Conclusions: The results confirm that changes of the content of lipid, activities of membrane-bound enzymes and cell-wall thickness occurred with added CaCl<inf>2</inf>. Significance and Impact of the Study: High temperature acetification (HTA) with additions of CaCl<inf>2</inf> was investigated. Significant reductions in the overall production costs result from lower cooling costs associated with HTA.
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    Upland rice vinegar vapor inhibits spore germination, hyphal growth and aflatoxin formation in Aspergillus flavus on maize grains
    The efficacy of vapor-phase (VP) upland rice vinegar (URV) was investigated as a bio-fumigant for maize, to reduce consumer health risks associated with spore and toxin formation by Aspergillus flavus. Complete reduction of mycelial growth occurred with in vitro VP exposure to URV (containing 0.0017 mmol/L acetic acid) or with VP exposure to pure acetic acid (PAA) (containing 0.0023 mmol/L acetic acid). No significant differences were observed between the two materials after 90 min exposures. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), URV vapor was shown to contain volatiles having antifungal activities. These are identified as isoamylalcohol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate and β-phenylethyl acetate. It is suggested these volatiles increase the antifungal effectiveness of URV. Exposure to VP-URV (containing 0.0043 mmol/L AA) for 5 h completely eliminated viable spores of A. flavus on maize seeds (23% moisture content) previously inoculated with 4.43 ± 0.28 log spores/g). At the same time, aflatoxin production decreased, as VP-URV exposure increased. Hence, VP-URV is shown to be an effective control agent for A. flavus mycelial growth and aflatoxin formation on maize, so effectively reducing the potential for consumer health risks due to this widespread fungus.
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    Prediction of influence of stepwise increment of initial acetic acid concentration in charging medium on acetification rate of semi-continuous process by artificial neural network
    (2014-01-01)
    Krusong, Warawut
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    Pornpukdeewatana, Soisuda
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    Tantratian, Sumate
    Based on industrial vinegar production, ethanol concentration in charging medium is normally considered as a strong variable influencing the acetification for a given initial acetic acid concentration. Moreover, high initial acetic acid concentration is considered when higher than 100 g L<sup>-1</sup> of acetic acid as finished product is obtained. This study assessed the effect of a stepwise increment of initial acetic acid concentration in fermentation medium of 45, 55, and 65 g L<sup>-1</sup> after charging at constant ethanol concentration of 35 g L<sup>-1</sup> on acetification rate (ETA) by high acid-tolerant strain of Acetobacter aceti WK. Average ETA was 8.144 + 0.09 g L<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> at 45 g L<sup>-1</sup> and 8.655 + 0.09 g L<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> at 55 g L<sup>-1</sup>, and significant decreased to 6.819 + 0.23 g L<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> at 65 g L<sup>-1</sup>. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was applied to predict the ETA in semi-continuous acetification under the conditions of the study. The optimized ANN structure was revealed to contain two hidden layers and seven neurons per layer. The experimental acetification correlated to the predicted data with R<sup>2</sup> of training and testing data set of 0.858 and validation data set of 0.831, respectively. Results indicated that the inputs as acetic acid and ethanol concentrations successfully predicted the ETA of semi-continuous acetification process. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Artificial neural network modeling of physicochemical changes of shrimp during boiling
    (2012-01-01)
    Niamnuy, Chalida
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    Devahastin, Sakamon
    Frozen boiled shrimp and dried shrimp are among the high-value fishery products of Thailand. During the production of these products boiling is one of the most important steps that affects significantly the product physicochemical properties, especially the quantity and quality of proteins, which in turn affect other apparent properties perceived by consumers. The protein changes are, however, difficult to evaluate comparing to other typical physical properties of shrimp. The objective of this study was therefore to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the protein changes of shrimp in terms of protein loss and protein denaturation as a function of the boiling conditions, namely, concentration of salt solution and boiling time, as well as a rather easily determined change of shrimp, that is, cooking loss. Other apparent physical changes of shrimp viz. shrinkage and hardness were also predicted. The optimized ANN structure for the prediction of protein changes consists of two hidden layers and twelve neurons per layer, while the optimized ANN structure for the prediction of physical changes consisted of two hidden layers and eight neurons per layer. The predicted protein and physical changes agreed very well with the experimental data with R<sup>2</sup> > 0.994 and 0.972, respectively. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Properties changes of chicken breast during sous-vide cooking and acceptance for elderly
    (2019-01-01) ;
    Suraphantapisit, Nuttapon
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    Pongpaew, Possathorn
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    Srikalong, Pramual
    The sous-vide process has been used in cooking to maintain nutrients and improve texture of meat. This improvement in nutrients and softening of the texture could be advantageous for the elderly. The objective of this research was to study effects of sous-vide cooking on the properties and changes of chicken breast fillet and their sensory acceptance by the elderly. Chicken breast fillets were vacuum packed and cooked at 60 °C for different times from 1 to 8 h comparing the effects with a common way of cooking as a control (100 °C for 30 min). Sous-vide cooked chicken had significantly (P < 0.05) higher yield percentage, water holding capacity (WHC) and redness and lower hardness, chewiness and lightness than the control. With increased sous-vide cooking time the yield percentage, WHC, redness and hardness significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while lightness and chewiness significantly increased (P < 0.05). Sous-vide cooking for 3, 4 and 5 h resulted in the lowest hardness, which was in the range of 40.05-60.01 N and lowest chewiness in the range of 11.24-16.88, but the highest springiness in the range of 0.03-0.04. A sensory evaluation panel of 50 people of 60-70 years old tested samples of the sous-vide breast chicken after cooking for 3, 4 or 5 h. Their evaluation showed that cooking for 4 h had the highest acceptance score compared with other times.