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    Titanate Nanosheets/Cellulose Composite Showing Improved Crystallinity and Decreased Water Wettability by Gamma-Irradiation
    (2025-11-25)
    Tariwong, Yaowaluk
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Sangtawesin, Tanagorn
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    Seriwattanachai, Chaowaphat
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    Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn
    While molecularly thin nanosheets have been increasingly studied as functional coatings, their use as a hydrophobic and γ-irradiation-tolerant component in biologically derived matrices is to be demonstrated. Herein, simple dip-coating was employed to fabricate titanate nanosheets/cellulose composites, which were subjected to γ-irradiation up to 50 kGy. Their surface chemistry was evaluated by water contact angle (WCA) measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Upon irradiation, the WCA of all samples nonmonotonically increased in three stages from ∼29 to 50° (noncoated) and ∼46 to 80° (composite, optimized at ∼1.2 wt %Ti loading, or 0.2 mg·cm<sup>–2</sup>). The titanium content and the 4+ valence did not change with the dose, suggesting the radiolytic stability. The dual surface modification occurs while cellulose fiber morphology and nanoscale mechanical properties are preserved. The increased WCA at the cellulose-part is explained by the γ-irradiation-induced crystallization according to the increased crystallinity index and improved thermal stability. At the other component, nanosheet coating results in increased surface roughness and diminished water–surface interactions. The latter is deduced from DSC measurements of water evaporation from pristine and 50 kGy-irradiated Cs<inf>0.7</inf>Ti<inf>1.825</inf>O<inf>4</inf>layered crystal-a nanosheet precursor. Our work suggests further exploration of nanosheets with diverse structures and compositions as coatings or fillers, which could find applications in γ-irradiation-sterilized barrier films.
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    Tailoring charge affinity, dielectric property, and band gap of bacterial cellulose paper by multifunctional Ti2NbO7 nanosheets for improving triboelectric nanogenerator performance
    (2023-02-01)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pharino, Utchawadee
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    Transparent, flexible, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) from nature-derived materials are required for sustainable society development. However, low triboelectricity from natural material is generally observed. Tunable electronic band diagram (EBD) through facile manipulation is one of the efficient methods to promote the TENG output, requiring fundamental, in depth understanding. Herein, we employed the high quality, single crystal-like Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> nanosheets (NSs) with dual dielectric and semiconducting properties as filler for bacterial cellulose (BC)-based TENG. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet—visible (UV—vis) absorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were applied to characterize the long-range structure, microstructure, optical properties, elemental composition, and three-dimensional (3D) distribution of components in the composites. The semi-transparent and flexible 5 vol.% Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs/BC preserved the integrity of cellulose, contained well-dispersed nanosheets, reduced optical band gap (4.20 vs. 5.75 eV for BC), and increased surface roughness. The dielectric permittivity and conductivity increased with nanosheets content. Adding negatively-charged Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs could regulate the charge affinity of BC composite via shifting of Fermi energy over that of Al. It is found that adding 5 vol.% NSs into the BC film improved electrical outputs (~ 36 V and ~ 8.8 µA), which are 2–4 times higher than that of pure BC, even when paired with Al which lies adjacent in triboelectric series. Our work demonstrated the method to enhance BC-based TENG performance through EBD regulation using multifunctional Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    AC Conductivity and dielectric properties of lepidocrocite-type alkali titanate tunable by interlayer cation and intralayer metal
    (2020-11-02)
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    ;
    The lepidocrocite-type layered alkali titanate AxMyTi2-yO4 has diverse chemical compositions with variation in charge per formula unit x, the interlayer cation A+, and the intralayer metal M. Despite this multivariable nature, the composition dependence of physical properties is not well explored. We report herein the AC conductivity and the complementary dielectric properties of Cs0.7M0.35Ti1.65O4, K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4 (M = Zn, Ni), and the mixed-interlayer ion Cs0.6K0.1Zn0.35Ti1.65O4. For Cs0.7Zn0.35Ti1.65O4, the total AC conductivity is ~7 × 10-8 to 2 × 10-6 S·cm-1 at 200-350 °C, associating with an activation energy Ea ∼865 meV. Meanwhile, the conductivity of K0.8Zn0.4Ti1.6O4 is higher by 1 order of magnitude at much lower temperature (25-150 °C) and a smaller Ea ∼250 meV. This difference originates from the compositional robustness of the cesium-containing samples, contrasting with the sintering-induced changes in the potassium analogues. For the latter, the loss of the interlayer K+ ion results in (i) generation of carriers due to charge compensation, (ii) reduction of sheet charge density and weakening of electrostatic attraction, and (iii) widening of the interlayer distance, all contributing to a lower Ea in K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4. The angular frequency dependence of conductivity, dielectric permittivity (up to a colossal value of 109), and dielectric loss follows the universal power law. Our work demonstrates the potential of simple compositional variation for electrical properties tuning, prompting a more in-depth investigation covering a wider range of possible candidates of x, A+, and M in lepidocrocite titanate.
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    Towards the preparation of organic ferroelectric composites: fabrication of a gamma-glycine-bacterial cellulose composite via cold sintering process
    (2023-07-01)
    Noisak, Jitrawan
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Pinpru, Nattapong
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    The cold sintering process (CSP) has emerged as a revolutionary technique for low-temperature processing of ceramics and composites, enabling high-density fabrication at low temperatures. In this study, we demonstrated the implementation of CSP in fabricating the γ-glycine (γ-G)-bacterial cellulose (BC) composite and evaluated the effect of sintering temperature and holding time on the microstructure and electrical properties. Our findings revealed that an increase in sintering temperature and holding time leads to grain growth, as the transient solvent (water) facilitates the closely-packed microstructure. Moreover, the addition of BC as a filler into the γ-G matrix leads to a composite with a 10% increase in hardness when BC was uniformly distributed in γ-G. The composite with a relative density of 97% was successfully obtained at 120 °C/24 h, preserving the γ polymorph of glycine without the unwanted transformation commonly observed with traditional sintering. We also reported the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the γ-G-BC composite, exhibiting a remanent polarization of 0.004 μC/cm<sup>2</sup> and a coercive field of 1.201 kV/cm. Our findings suggest that CSP is a promising approach for low-temperature processing and fabrication of ceramics, especially when incorporating structurally sensitive filler such as organic ferroelectric, to achieve high-performance composites.
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    An architected silk fibroin-lignin multilayer with deep-level trapping states for high-output triboelectric nanogenerators
    (2026-03-01)
    Suktep, Natdanai
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    Sae-tang, Chanachot
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    Ukasi, Sirinya
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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    Supansomboon, Supitcha
    Biopolymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) are promising power sources for sustainable and flexible electronics, but their performance is often limited by severe charge recombination at the triboelectric interface. To overcome this critical bottleneck, we report an architected multilayer B-TENG featuring a silk fibroin (SF)/MgAl LDH composite as the charge-generating layer and, to our knowledge, for the first time, a lignin-functionalized SF film as a dedicated charge-trapping layer. The strategic incorporation of lignin, an abundant and sustainable biopolymer, introduces deep-level electronic trapping states originating from its abundant aromatic moieties. That effectively suppresses interfacial charge recombination and prolongs charge lifetime. By optimizing the contents of MgAl LDH and lignin, the device achieves a measured open circuit output voltage ( V <inf> OC </inf>) and current density ( J <inf> SC </inf>) of 96 V and 6.56 μA/cm<sup>3</sup>, with a maximum output power ( P <inf> max </inf>) of 205 μW, corresponding to a power density of 22.7 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>. We also propose a mechanistic linking of deep-level traps to prolonged charge lifetime and increased net transferable charge. The interface-engineering strategy demonstrated here paves the way for developing high-performance and sustainable biopolymer-based TENGs and motion sensors.
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    Structural, optical, and electrical properties of cellulose/titanate nanosheets composite with enhanced protection against gamma irradiation
    (2023-10-01) ;
    Kwamman, Tanagorn
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a promising functional filler in nanocomposites due to their unique anisotropy and resilience to harsh conditions. We report herein the use of Ti<inf>0.91</inf>O<inf>2</inf> nanosheets as a protective component against γ-irradiation to cellulose paper. The titanate nanosheets were prepared via a sequence of solid-state synthesis of lepidocrocite-type Cs<inf>0.7</inf>Ti<inf>1.825</inf>O<inf>4</inf>, proton exchange to H<inf>0.7</inf>Ti<inf>1.825</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, and exfoliation with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The nanosheets were incorporated into the commercial cellulose filter paper by a simple dip coating up to 0.6 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>, equivalent to 10 wt% TiO<inf>2</inf>. The nanosheets distribution was demonstrated by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is found that γ-irradiation (up to 50 kGy) destroyed the cellulose Iβ crystallinity of uncoated paper, but this is less pronounced in the cellulose/titanate nanosheets composite. This was also confirmed by the lack of a 235 nm-absorption characteristics of irradiation-induced decomposition product(s) in nanosheets-containing papers, which also exhibit UVA shielding property. The coated samples remained white while the uncoated ones were darkened with γ-irradiation. In addition, the nanosheets-coated papers showed dielectric permittivity, loss tangent, and AC conductivity which were invariant of the γ-dose, unlike those from the uncoated ones. Our work demonstrates the use of lead-free Ti<inf>0.91</inf>O<inf>2</inf> nanosheets as a γ-shielding component to slow down/prevent structural, optical, and electrical properties damages in cellulose paper, which could extend to other nature-derived materials.
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    The role of γ-C2H5NO2 as a new transient liquid phase in cold sintering process of BaTiO3 composites
    (2024-07-01)
    Noisak, Jitrawan
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    Ieamviteevanich, Pimchanok
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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    Pinpru, Nattapong
    Dielectric materials, such as barium titanate (BT)-based materials, have excellent dielectric properties but require high temperatures (above 1300 °C) for ceramic fabrication, leading to high costs and energy loss. The cold sintering process (CSP) offers a solution to these issues and is gaining worldwide attention as an innovative fabrication route. In this work, we proposed an alternative organic ferroelectric phase, gamma-glycine (γ-GC), which acts as a transient liquid phase to fabricate high-density composites with barium titanate (BT) at low temperatures through CSP. Our findings show that the density of 15γ-GC/85BT reached 96.7%±1.6% when it was sintered at 120 °C for 6 h under 10 MPa uniaxial pressure. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) mappings of the composite suggested that γ-GC completely underwent the precipitation–dissolution process and, therefore, filled between BT particles. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the preservation of γ-GC without undesired phase transformation. In addition, the ferroelectric and dielectric properties of γ-GC/BT composites have been reported. The high dielectric constant (ε<inf>r</inf>) was 3600, and the low dielectric loss (tanδ) was 1.20 at 200 °C and 100 kHz for the 15γ-GC/85BT composite. The hysteresis loop showed a remanent polarization (P<inf>r</inf>) of 0.55 µC·cm<sup>-2</sup> and a coercive field (E<inf>c</inf>) of 7.25 kV·cm<sup>-1</sup>. Our findings reaffirmed that an organic ferroelectric material (γ-GC) can act as a transient liquid phase in a CSP that can successfully and sustainably fabricate γ-GC/BT composites at low temperatures while delivering outstandingly high performance.
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    Effect of Adsorbed Water and Temperature on the Universal Power Law Behavior of Lepidocrocite-Type Alkali Titanate Ceramics
    (2021-06-17)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    The ubiquitous (re)adsorption of atmospheric water by functional ceramics leads to some applications such as humidity sensing; at the same time, this phenomenon complicates the understanding of the nature of original conducting species. We presented herein the effects of adsorbed water on the electrical properties and charge transport of K0.8Zn0.4Ti1.6O4, Cs0.7Zn0.35Ti1.65O4, and Cs0.6K0.1Zn0.35Ti1.65O4 lepidocrocite-type alkali titanate ceramics. A small amount of atmospheric water (0.02-0.33 mol/mol) is merely adsorbed on the external surface but not intercalated into the interlayer space. In temperature scan experiments, water sorption leads to the dielectric permittivity/loss hysteresis loops, where the values upon cooling are unusually larger than those upon heating. In frequency scan experiments, multiple frequency- and temperature-dependent anomalies are detected. The AC conductivity was fitted to the Jonscher universal power law response (σ′AC = σDC + Aωs) from 101 to 106 Hz and 400-25 °C. We observed an uncommon U-shaped A(T) but an inverted U-shaped s(T), regardless of the interlayer ion, charge per formula unit, or pellet density. These plots allow a qualitative description of (i) the apparent activation energy, (ii) the effective dimension of the conduction pathway, and (iii) the charge carrier concentration, all as a function of the temperature under the influence of atmospheric water. Our physical interpretation is potentially applicable to other systems, providing insights into the (unintentional) water-induced conductions and complementing rigorous but time-consuming investigations by controlled humidity experiments.
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    High-Performance Droplet-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Comparison of Device Configuration and Operating Parameters
    (2025-05-06)
    Chaithaweep, Kanokwan
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    Pharino, Utchawadee
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    Hajra, Sugato
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    Kim, Hoe Joon
    Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) harness liquid-solid electrification to convert water droplets impacts into electrical energy. This study systematically examines how droplet height, droplet volume, flow rate, and substrate tilt angle influence DEG performance using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a triboelectric layer and deionized water. Three electrode designs (double, top, bottom) are evaluated, revealing that the double-electrode configuration delivers the highest output. This enhanced performance arises from synergistic droplet motion, electrical double-layer formation, and charge discharge, as validated by an equivalent circuit model. By varying droplet heights from 1–20 cm, volumes of 7.7–50 µL, flow rates of 50–300 drops/min, and tilt angles of 0–90°, an optimized setup yields −70 V and 22 mA, translating to a power density of 0.28 µW cm<sup>−2</sup>. High-speed imaging correlates these outputs with droplet impact dynamics and the resulting charge transfer. Additionally, the optimized DEG can power small electronic devices, charge capacitors, and monitor artificial acid rain in real-time, displaying distinct electrical signals compared to typical rainwater. These findings underscore the potential of DEGs as renewable energy harvesters and smart environmental sensors, paving the way for advanced on-demand power generation in diverse settings.
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    High-Performance Hybridized Composited-Based Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on BaTiO3/PDMS Composite Film Modified with Ti0.8O2 Nanosheets and Silver Nanopowders Cofillers
    (2019-05-28)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    In order to commercialize the rapidly developing technology of energy harvesters, the following devices need to be developed further for enhancing output performance, flexibility, scalability, facile fabrication, and cheaper price. The composite-based triboelectric nanogenerator (CTENG), which contains the above properties, is a promising technology that has attracted special interest for a decade. Focus has been placed on the hybrid concept between the composite-based piezoelectric nanogenerator (CPENG) and CTENG in order to enhance CTENG efficiency. This study presented a high-performance hybridized CPENG and CTENG device, which operated from the composite film of Ti<inf>0.8</inf>O<inf>2</inf> nanosheets (Ti NSs)/silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) co-doped BaTiO<inf>3</inf> nanopowders (BT NPOs) inside the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) host. The 0.3 vol % of Ti NSs and 1.5 vol % of Ag NPs exhibited the optimum harvesting performance in all compositions, with an output voltage and current density reaching approximately 150 V and 0.32 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Their harvesting performance was approximately 60 and 32 times higher than that of the CPENG constructed from pure PDMS. In addition, practical demonstration of the proposed device was investigated. The hybridized CPENG and CTENG device could operate in a long-term cyclic operation, charge the capacitor for storing energy, and also drive LEDs to brighten. This work suggested facile device fabrication and made a guideline to develop high-performance nanogenerators, which is crucial for device development and practical usage in the future.