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    Toward Interoperable SCADA: Node-RED-Based Edge Integration of Heterogeneous PLCs and IoT Devices
    (2025-01-01) ;
    Kaewchaiwong, Sattachai
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    Ukakimaparn, Prapart
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    This article presents a novel approach to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) design that emphasizes interoperability through edge integration, using Node-RED as an open-source programming platform deployed on an industrial edge computer. The proposed architecture integrates multiple-vendor programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and an Internet of Things (IoT) gateway at the edge layer to enable seamless interoperability across local control systems. A lab-scale case study demonstrates the feasibility of this integration, featuring four remote terminal units (RTUs) communicating concurrently with a SIMATIC IPC327G edge computer via standard protocols. Specifically, a SIMATIC S7-1200 (RTU-1), MELSEC iQ-F FX5U (RTU-2), and CompactLogix 1769-L30ER (RTU-3) control an object sorting station, a parcel sorting station, a water temperature control station, respectively, while a UG65 gateway (RTU-4) enables bidirectional data transfer between the edge computer and LoRaWAN devices. The inclusion of InfluxDB alongside Node-RED supports data logging and reporting functionalities. By distributing protocol translation, data processing, and shop-floor supervisory control to the edge layer, the architecture achieves real-time, vendor-neutral data orchestration while maintaining compatibility with a higher-level SCADA master terminal unit (MTU) or cloud system. Experimental results from both functional and performance testing confirm the system’s viability as a cost-effective, vendor-agnostic solution for modern industrial automation, offering a scalable model for multi-protocol industrial environments.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Modification of Cockcroft-Walton-based high-voltage multipliers with 220 V and 50 Hz input for non-thermal food processing apparatus
    (2020-08-01)
    Jaiwanglok, Anurak
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    Eguchi, Kei
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    A design of high-voltage multipliers to generate underwater shockwaves is one of the most important factors for successfully providing non-thermal food processing in a cost-effective manner. To be capable of fully utilizing the Cockcroft-Walton-based high-voltage multipliers for underwater shockwave generation, this paper presents a topological modification of three interesting design approaches in bipolar structure for 220 V and 50 Hz AC input to generate more than 3.5 kV DC output within short time periods. In addition to Cockcroft-Walton multipliers (CWMs), the first modified scheme employs a positive full-wave rectifier (FWR) and positive voltage multiplier block (VMB), the second modified scheme employs positive/negative half-wave rectifiers (HWRs), and the last modified scheme employs a switched-capacitor AC-AC converter. To comparatively analyze their performances, the digitally controlled operations of the modified realization schemes as well as their electrical characteristic estimation based on a four-terminal equivalent model are described in detail. The effectiveness of three modified circuit configurations and the correctness of the given theoretical analysis are verified through SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulation results. The formulas achieved from theoretical estimation are particularly useful when designing the proposed high-voltage multipliers (HVMs) because good agreement between the theoretical and simulation results can be achieved.
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    Item type:Publication,
    AN OPEN-SOURCE INTRUSION DETECTION AND NOTIFICATION FRAMEWORK FOR OT ATTACKS TARGETING S7-SERIES PLCS
    (2026-06-01) ;
    Saleethong, Chayangkun
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    Suphapod, Tanawat
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    Wongkharn, Siripong
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    This article presents an open-source intrusion detection and notification (IDN) framework designed to detect attacks targeting Siemens S7-series programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in operational technology (OT) environments. The framework is validated using a simulated weight-based sorting system developed in Factory I/O, with TIA Portal control programs deployed on S7-300, S7-1200, and S7-1500 PLCs. Suricata serves as the core intrusion detection engine, while the Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana (ELK) stack and LINE Notify are integrated to visualize alerts and provide realtime operator notifications. Simulated attacks are carried out using Snap7 to interact with each PLC during live process operations. The experimental results show that the framework reliably detects intrusions across all tested S7 PLC models and delivers timely alerts, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time monitoring and incident response. In contrast to previous studies that focus primarily on protocol analysis or on individual PLC types, this work offers a practical and scalable intrusion detection solution validated on real hardware and designed to accommodate the coexistence of legacy and modern controllers within OT systems.