Polyorach, Sineenart

Preferred name

Alternative Name

Polyorach, S.

Main Affiliation

School of Agricultural Technology

sineenart.po@kmitl.ac.th

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Ruminal fermentation, milk production efficiency, and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows receiving fresh cassava root and solid feed-block containing high sulfur
(2021-09-01)
Dagaew, Gamonmas
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
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Wanapat, Metha
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So, Sarong
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Polyorach, Sineenart
This study evaluates the effects of fresh cassava root (CR) and a solid feed-block containing sulfur (S-FB) on fermentation in the rumen, feed utilization, milk yield, and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows with 470 ± 50.0 kg body weight (BW), 10 ± 2 kg day−1 average milk yield, and 112 ± 15 days-in-milk were studied. A 2 × 2 factorial combination was arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the treatment-related effects. The treatments were obtained from a combination of two factors: (1) levels of CR at 10 g kg−1 BW (CR-1) and 15 g kg−1 (CR-1.5) and (2) levels of sulfur supplementation in solid feed-block at 20 g kg−1 (S-FB-2) and 40 g kg−1 (S-FB-4). The results showed that CR and S-FB had no interaction effect on feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, blood metabolites, milk yield, or its composition. Feeding CR up to 15 g kg−1 of the BW significantly increased (p < 0.05) the milk fat concentration while it decreased (p < 0.05) the somatic cell count. The S-FB-4 of the sulfur significantly (p < 0.05) increased the acid detergent fiber when compared with the S-FB-2 of the sulfur. CR could be fed up to 15 g kg−1 of BW with S-FB containing high sulfur (40 g kg−1 ) in dairy cows without a negative impact.
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Microbial Fermented Liquid Supplementation Improves Nutrient Digestibility, Feed Intake, and Milk Production in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Total Mixed Ration
(2023-03-01)
Polyorach, Sineenart
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Nampukdee, Rutsamee
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Wanapat, Metha
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Kang, Sungchhang
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of MFL supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition in early lactating dairy cows. Twelve, Thai crossbred Holstein Friesian cows in early lactation, 500 ± 30 kg of body weight (BW), were randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design (CRD). MFL supplementation levels of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mL/d were used as treatments. Experimental animals were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) with a roughage to concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) of 40:60, which contains 12% crude protein (CP) and 70% total digestible nutrient (TDN). Rice straw was a roughage source. MFL supplementation levels had no effect (p > 0.05) on body weight change and dry matter intake (DMI) expressed as %BW, whereas DMI expressed as metabolic body weight (BW0.75) was linearly (p < 0.05) increased, with the highest at 200 mL/d in the YFL supplementation group (147.5 g/kg BW0.75), whereas feed intake of organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) did not significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. Related to apparent digestibility, MFL levels did not affect (p > 0.05) on DM, OM, and EE digestibility, while apparent digestibility of CP, NDF, and ADF were linearly increased (p < 0.05) when increasing MFL supplementation levels, and the highest (p < 0.05) were the 200 and 300 mL/d FML supplemented groups. BUN at 0 h post feeding did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05) between treatments, while at 4 h after feeding, BUN was linearly (p < 0.05) increased from 0, 100, 200, and 300 (mL/day) MFL supplementation, the values were 12.9, 13.1, 19.7, and 18.4 mg/dL, respectively and the highest was 200 mL/head/day for the MFL supplemented group. MFL supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) milk fat, lactose, solid not fat (SNF), and specific gravity of milk, while MFL supplementation at 200 mL/day caused a linear increase (p < 0.01) in BUN, MUN, milk yield, milk protein, total solids (TS) and 3.5% FCM when supplement levels were increased. In conclusion, MFL supplementation in early lactating dairy cows could improve feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition.
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In Vitro Evaluation of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Tubers as an Alternative Feed for Ruminants
(2023-02-01)
Suntara, Chanon
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Sombuddee, Napudsawun
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Lukbun, Saowalak
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Kanakai, Natdanai
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Srichompoo, Pachara
The purpose of the current study is to determine the effects of the replacement of cassava chips with winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) tubers (WBTs) on gas production parameters, in vitro degradability, and ruminal fermentation in ruminant diets. The study was performed using a 3 × 4 factorial arrangements and was designed using a completely random method. Factor A employed three various roughage sources that were frequently used by locals to feed ruminants: Oryza sativa L. (a1), Brachiaria ruziziensis (a2), and Pennisetum purpureum (a3). The levels of WBTs substitutions for cassava chips at 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% in the diet were selected as factor B. The experiment’s findings revealed that replacing the cassava chips in the diet with WBTs at levels of 66 and 100% enhanced the fermentation process by producing a high gas volume at 96 h when Ruzi grass (RZ) was used as the main source of roughage (p < 0.01). The interaction between the roughage source and WBTs showed that organic matter (OM) degradability improved markedly in the case of RZ grass in combination with WBTs at all levels. Both the total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) at 8 h of incubation and the average value decreased when a complete substitution of casava chips with WBT (WBT 100%) was employed or when employing rice straw as the main source of roughage (p < 0.01). There was no interaction between WBTs and roughage source on the ammonia–nitrogen (NH<inf>3</inf>-N) concentration (ml/dL) and rumen microbial count (p > 0.05). In summary, WBTs can be used effectively when combined with grass (Ruzi and Napier). The implementation of WBTs as a novel alternative feed may effectively replace cassava chips without affecting rumen function.
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Winged bean tuber as a novel alternative to corn meal in concentrate mixture in Thai native beef cattle diets
(2025-12-01)
Unnawong, Narirat
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
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Chankaew, Sompong
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Rakvong, Teppratan
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Suriyapha, Chaichana
Background: In times of high feed costs and severe feed competition, it is crucial to explore alternative feedstuffs. Identifying alternative feed sources is essential for developing cost-effective and sustainable solutions to address challenges in livestock production and economic constraints. This study evaluates the effects of replacing corn with different levels of winged bean tuber (WBT) in concentrate mixtures on feed intake, feed utilization, and rumen fermentation in Thai native beef cattle. Animals were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with WBT replacing corn in the concentrate mixture at levels of 0, 33, 67, and 100%. Results: Replacing corn with WBT (0–100%) in the concentrate diet did not affect (p > 0.05) dry matter, organic matter, or crude protein intake. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake increased linearly (p < 0.05) at 67% and 100% replacement levels. Although nutrient digestibility remained unchanged, ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and protozoal population increased linearly (p < 0.05) at 67% and 100% WBT replacement levels. However, WBT replacement did not significantly affect blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. As the level of WBT increased in the concentrate diet, the concentration of propionic acid (C3) increased, but the amount of acetic acid (C2) and the ratio of C2 to C3 decreased linearly (p < 0.05) without shifting the acetic concentration. Additionally, replacing corn with WBT in the concentrate diet had no effect on nitrogen balance. Conclusion: The WBT can be used as an alternative for corn grain up to 100% in ruminant diets without changing feed digestibility, the BUN, and nitrogen balance. It can also improve the fermentation characteristics in the rumen.
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Exploring Tectona grandis Linn. f. Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive with Antioxidant and Nutraceutical Potential for Livestock
(2025-12-01)
Montri, Nattaya
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Wanapat, Metha
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Kang, Sungchhang
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Cheas, Seangla
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and safety of Tectona grandis leaf extracts at four maturity stages. Ethanolic extracts were screened for secondary metabolites and analyzed using GC–MS, together with heavy metal determination, phenolic profiling, and antioxidant assays. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and coumarins, with clear variation among leaf stages. GC–MS analysis detected multiple bioactive constituents, including phytol, n-decanoic acid, and heptadecenal. These compounds have been previously reported to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Heavy metal analysis showed very low cadmium concentrations (0.001–0.004 mg/kg), undetectable lead levels (<LOD), and trace levels of arsenic concentrations (0.012–0.018 mg/kg), all of which were within safe limits for plant materials. Quantitative assays demonstrated that mature leaves contained the highest total phenolic (8.751 ± 0.018 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid (0.359 ± 0.017 mg QE/g DW), and condensed tannin (0.303 ± 0.000 mg CE/g DW) contents. Correspondingly, mature-leaf extracts exhibited the greatest antioxidant capacity, showing 95.88 ± 0.12% inhibition of oxidant activity. The ethanolic extracts exhibited IC<inf>50</inf> values ranging from 22.93–50.35 mg/mL, whereas the ascorbic acid standard showed an IC<inf>50</inf> of 0.0767 mg/mL, confirming the expected lower potency of crude plant extracts. The strong correlation between phenolic accumulation and antioxidant activity suggests enhanced defense against oxidative stress. The absence of detectable heavy metal contamination, together with the high polyphenolic content, suggests that T. grandis leaves may serve as a safe natural source of antioxidants. These findings demonstrate the strong antioxidant potential of T. grandis leaf extracts, providing a basis for future studies evaluating their functional applications in biological systems.
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The Effect of Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) Waste on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Hematology and Immune Response in Growing Beef Cattle
(2023-01-01)
Gunun, Nirawan
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Kaewpila, Chatchai
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Khota, Waroon
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Polyorach, Sineenart
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Kimprasit, Thachawech
This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of indigo waste on the feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, hematology, immune response and growth performance in growing beef cattle. Twenty crossbred beef cattle with an initial body weight (BW) of 145 ± 11 kg were fed four levels of indigo waste for 90 days in a trial. Additions of indigo waste at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% in a concentrate diet using a completely randomized design (CRD). Cattle were fed concentrate at 1.8% BW, with rice straw fed ad libitum. The concentrate intake decreased linearly (p = 0.01) with the addition of indigo waste. The supplementation with indigo waste reduced dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility cubically (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively), while increasing neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility cubically (p = 0.02). The final BW of beef cattle decreased linearly (p = 0.03) with the addition of indigo waste. The inclusion of indigo waste decreased the average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) linearly (p < 0.01) from 0 to 90 days. The nutrient digestibility, ADG and G:F of beef cattle fed 10% indigo waste in the diet was similar when compared with the control (0% indigo waste). The ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH<inf>3</inf>-N) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). The proportion of acetate increased linearly (p < 0.01) but propionate decreased linearly (p < 0.01), resulting in an increase in the acetate to propionate ratio (p < 0.01) when cattle were fed with indigo waste supplementation. Increasing indigo waste levels did not influence blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, hematological parameters or immune responses (IgA, IgM and IgG) (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of indigo waste at 10% in a concentrate diet did not have a negative effect on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, hematology, immune function or growth performance in growing beef cattle.
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Fresh cassava root replacing cassava chip could enhance milk production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on high sulfur-containing pellet
(2022-12-01)
Prachumchai, Rittikeard
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
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Wanapat, Metha
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So, Sarong
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Polyorach, Sineenart
The experiment objective was to assess the shifting effect from cassava chip (CC) to fresh cassava root (FC) affected feed utilization, rumen metabolism, cyanide-using bacteria, and milk quality in lactating Thai Friesian dairy cows fed diets based on high sulfur-containing pellet (PS). Four lactating Thai Friesian dairy cows of 481.5 ± 31.3 kg BW (about 4 years old were allocated with four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The four treatments were: replacement FC for CC at 0%, 60%, 80%, and 100% dry matter (DM), respectively. Feed intakes for four diets in terms of total dry matter intake (kg/day and % BW) was linearly correlated with levels of replacement of FC (p < 0.01). Digestibilities of crude protein (CP), DM, organic matter (OM), amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) did not change with increasing levels of FC in the diet (p > 0.05). Moreover, the total bacterial counts and cyanide population utilizing bacteria cubically increased with an increase of FC replacement (p < 0.01). The effect of CC substitution with FC in the PS diet was cubically increased on blood thiocyanate concentrations (p < 0.01). In addition, the propionate (C3) concentration at 0 and 4 h post-feeding changed significantly among treatments (p < 0.01), which were linearly improved with an increasing dose of replacement FC and were highest when FC was replaced at 100%. The yield of 3.5% fat-corrected milk was high in the treatment with the replacement of FC as compared to the control (p < 0.01). The yield of fat and milk fat percentages was high (p < 0.01) in the group with the replacement of FC as compared to feed with no diet replaced. The milk thiocyanate concentration was cubically enhanced when levels of FC replacement increased (p < 0.01) and was the highest when FC was replaced at 100%. As the amount of FC replacement was raised, the somatic cell count in the milk decreased linearly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the replacement of FC at 100% in PS could enhance the feed intake, microbial populations, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), C3 concentration, milk yield, and milk quality.
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Utilization of yeast waste fermented citric waste as a protein source to replace soybean meal and various roughage to concentrate ratios on in vitro rumen fermentation, gas kinetic, and feed digestion
(2021-09-01)
Suriyapha, Chaichana
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
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Suntara, Chanon
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Polyorach, Sineenart
The objective of this study was to determine the application of citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) obtained from an agro-industrial by-product as a protein source to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate diet. We also determined the effect of various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C) on the gas production kinetics, ruminal characteristics, and in vitro digestibility using an in vitro gas production technique. The experiment design was a 3 × 5 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replicates. There were three R:C ratios (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60) and five replacing SBM with CWYW (SBM:CWYW) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). The CWYW product’s crude protein (CP) content was 535 g/kg dry matter (DM). There was no interaction effect between R:C ratios and SBM:CWYW ratios for all parameters observed (p > 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not affect the kinetics and the cumulative amount of gas. However, the gas potential extent and cumulative production of gas were increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60, and the values were about 74.9 and 75.0 mL/0.5 g, respectively (p < 0.01). The replacement of SBM by CWYW at up to 75% did not alter in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), but 100% CWYW replacement significantly reduced (p < 0.05) IVDMD at 24 h of incubation and the mean value. In addition, IVDMD at 12 h and 24 h of incubation and the mean value were significantly increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not change the ruminal pH and population of protozoa (p > 0.05). The ruminal pH was reduced at the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01), whereas the protozoal population at 4 h was increased (p < 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not impact the in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile (p > 0.05). However, the total VFA, and propionate (C3) concentration were significantly increased (p < 0.01) by the R:C ratio of 40:60. In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by 75% CWYW did not show any negative impact on parameters observed, and the R:C ratio of 40:60 enhanced the gas kinetics, digestibility, VFA, and C3 concentration.
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In vitro fermentation, digestibility and methane production as influenced by Delonix regia seed meal containing tannins and saponins
(2017-01-01)
Supapong, C.
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Cherdthong, A.
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Seankamsorn, A.
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Khonkhaeng, B.
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Wanapat, M.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of Delonix regia (DR) seed meal containing tannins and saponins on gas kinetics, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) content, pH, methane (CH4) production and dry matter (DM) digestibility using an in vitro gas production technique. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the dietary treatments included DR seed meal supplementation at levels of 0, 3.3, 5.0, 6.7, 8.3, 10, 11.7, 13.3, 15.0 and 16.7 mg DM added to 0.5 g of roughage and concentrate (70:30) mixture. The gas production was measured at several time points: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h by a pressure transducer. The parameters of gas kinetics and cumulative gas production were not altered (P > 0.05), except for gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction which was the highest at 11.7 mg DR seed meal inclusion. CH4 production and total protozoa counts linearly decreased with increasing DR seed meal levels (P < 0.05). DR seed meal addition caused quadratic increase of in vitro DM digestibility with the highest value at 11.7 mg DR seed meal inclusion. No significant difference in volatile fatty acid profile (P > 0.05) was stated between treatments except for propionic acid. In conclusion, supplementation of DR seed meal resulted in improved in vitro gas kinetics and DM digestibility up to 11.7 mg level, while CH4 production was reduced linearly. The further in vivo studies are necessary to examine practical of DR seed meal usage in animal production.
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Comparative effect of Volvariella volvacea-treated rice straw and purple corn stover fed at different levels on predicted methane production and milk fatty acid profiles in tropical dairy cows
(2021-09-01)
Khonkhaeng, Benjamad
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Cherdthong, Anusorn
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Chantaprasarn, Nawanon
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Harvatine, Kevin J.
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Foiklang, Suban
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of rice straw (RS) and purple corn stover (PCS) treated with Volvariella volvacea fed in total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, calculated methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) production, and milk fatty acid profile in mid-lactation crossbred Holstein Friesian cows. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A included roughage type (V. volvacea-treated RS and V. volvacea-treated PCS), and Factor B included roughage (R)-to-concentrate (C) ratio (R:C) (50:50 and 60:40). The four dietary treatment combinations were 1) RS with an R:C ratio of 50:50 (RS50); 2) RS with an R:C ratio of 60:40 (RS60); 3) PCS with an R:C ratio of 50:50 (PCS50); and 4) PCS with an R:C ratio of 60:40 (PCS60). Different roughage sources did not alter total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF (P > 0.05), but PCS increased NDF digestibility by 4.6 percentage units and CP digestibility by 15.6 percentage units. Roughage types influenced rumen propionic acid (C3) concentration 4 h after feeding with PCA increasing higher C3 concentration compared to RS at both R:C ratios. There was no interaction between roughage types and the R:C ratio for CH<inf>4</inf> emission calculated based on volatile fatty acid profiles. However, roughage type impacted CH<inf>4</inf> emission. Calculated CH<inf>4</inf> concentration was lower in PCS than RS. Changing the R:C ratio did not alter milk production, milk composition, or somatic cell count (SCC). Moreover, roughage type did not influence milk production and milk composition, except for SCC which was lower in PCS. Roughage type and the R:C ratio independently influenced milk fat arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) concentration. Furthermore, the PCS group had higher conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than the RS groups. The proportion of total C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in milk fat increased 10% with the feeding of PCS50 and PCS60. However, milk cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 increased by 61% in the PCS group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, PCS increased rumen C3 and milk fat CLA and arachidonic acid concentration and decreased CH<inf>4</inf> production compared to the RS. The PCS treated with V. volvacea could be used for up to 60% of TMR for dairy cows.

Polyorach, Sineenart

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