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    Development of Bilayer Chitosan–Carrageenan Hydrogel Film for Enhanced Controlled Release of Turmeric–β-Cyclodextrin Complex in Wound Dressings
    (2025-11-01) ;
    Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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    Chantaranara, Prapassorn
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    Punpairoj, Prapaporn
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    Deatvakkanee, Pitchapa
    This study presents the development and evaluation of a bilayer hydrogel film designed for controlled drug delivery in wound dressing applications. The outer layer, composed of chitosan and glycerol, exhibited excellent water resistance, flexibility, and favorable moisture-handling properties, including high water vapor permeability and moisture absorption, which are critical factors for maintaining an optimal wound environment. The inner drug-loaded layer, formulated with carrageenan and loaded with either free turmeric or turmeric–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (TCD), served as the drug reservoir. Films incorporating TCD exhibited significantly enhanced turmeric solubility and drug release efficiency compared to those containing uncomplexed turmeric. Among the tested formulations, CS-TCD1, which featured a thinner drug-loaded layer, achieved the highest performance, with approximately 68% cumulative release over four days. While the release kinetics showed a strong correlation with the Higuchi kinetic model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9927), further analysis using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Korsmeyer–Peppas model indicated an anomalous (non-Fickian) transport mechanism, governed by both diffusion and matrix swelling or erosion. These results highlight the importance of matrix architecture and drug solubilization strategies in the design of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems for wound care.
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    The effect of glycerol/water and sorbitol/water on the plasticization of hydroxyethylacryl chitosan/sodium alginate films
    (2015-11-04)
    Treenate, Pitchaya
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    ;
    Yamaguchi, Masayuki
    This research aimed to investigate on the effects of glycerol/water and sorbitol/water on the plasticization of hydroxyethylacryl chitosan (HC)/sodium alginate (SA) films. The HC/SA films were prepared with different amount of glycerol or sorbitol as a plasticizer (25, 40 and 50% w/w) and kept at different relative humidity (0% RH and 50% RH) in order to restrict the content of water within the films. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed the miscibility of polymer and plasticizers (glycerol and sorbitol) for all blend compositions. A remarkable reduction of glass transition temperature (T<inf>g</inf>) could be obtained by adding glycerol over 40% w/w. For sorbitol plasticized films, although the addition of sorbitol could reduce T<inf>g</inf>, it was still higher than room temperature. It was claimed that glycerol could gain more effective plasticizing than sorbitol in the HC/SA films. In the cooperation with water as co-plasticizer (glycerol/water or sorbitol/water), the T<inf>g</inf> values of all films were dramatically decreased to -50 °C for glycerol/water plasticized films and down to 0 °C for sorbitol/water plasticized films. The reasonable flexible films could be obtained by the use of either glycerol/water or sorbitol/water as couple plasticizers.
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    Development of a pH-responsive intelligent label using low molecular weight chitosan grafted with phenol red for food packaging applications
    (2024-05-01)
    Ronte, Arnat
    ;
    Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
    ;
    Foster, E. Johan
    ;
    In this study, we successfully developed a screen-printed pH-responsive intelligent label using low molecular weight chitosan grafted with phenol red (LCPR) as a colorant for screen printing ink. The LCPR was synthesized via a Mannich reaction, and its successful grafting was confirmed through FT-IR, UV–vis, and NMR spectroscopy. The LCPR exhibited lower crystallinity and thermal stability compared to low molecular weight chitosan (LC) and demonstrated zwitterionic behavior. To create intelligent labels, the LCPR-based ink was efficiently printed on cotton substrates with high resolution. The label exhibited remarkable sensitivity to buffer pH solutions and ammonia gas, leading to distinctive color changes from orange to red to purple. Additionally, the label showed excellent reversibility, storage stability, and leaching resistance to different food simulant solutions. The label was utilized to monitor shrimp freshness, successfully detecting a noticeable color shift upon spoilage. These findings highlight the significant potential of the LCPR-based label as an intelligent food packaging solution, offering pH-responsiveness and color stability for qualitative freshness detection of protein-rich food.
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    Synthesis of poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(ethylene adipate-co-terephthalate) via ring-opening polymerization
    (2007-08-01) ;
    Loungvanidprapa, Pittaya
    Syntheses of poly(ethylene adipate) (ROP-PEA) and poly(ethylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (ROP-PEA-co-PET) were achieved via ring-opening polymerization of corresponding cyclic oligoesters. In case of ROP-PEA, cyclic oligo(ethylene adipate) (C-OEA) was equilibrated in the presence of di-n-butyltin oxide as a catalyst under high-concentration conditions at 180 and 200 °C for 1-24 h. The polymer products were obtained in yields up to 100% with the over(M, -)<inf>n</inf> and over(M, -)<inf>w</inf> in the ranges of 3000-23 000 g/mol and 5000-60 000 g/mol, respectively. The ROP-PEA-co-PET was prepared by equilibrating an equimolar amount of C-OEA and cyclic oligo(ethylene terephthalate) (C-OET) using di-n-butyltin oxide catalyst under high-concentration conditions at 250 °C for 24 h. The copolyester produced was obtained in yield of 97% with the over(M, -)<inf>n</inf> and over(M, -)<inf>w</inf> of 18 000 and 46 000 g/mol, respectively. <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of ROP-PEA-co-PET showed two new proton signals of ethylene unit representing the existence of heterolinkage with different chemical environment in the copolymer. This indicated the random transesterification of C-OEA and C-OET resulting in random structure in copolyester. In addition, the result of ROP-PEA-co-PET from DSC showed the glass transition temperature in the values of -8 °C with no melting temperature indicating thermoplastic elastomeric behavior. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Dual covalent and ionic crosslinked xanthan gum–PVA hydrogel films for enhanced drug release performance
    (2025-11-01) ;
    Napradit, Sasipa
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    Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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    Yamaguchi, Masayuki
    This study presents the development and characterization of dual crosslinked xanthan gum–polyvinyl alcohol (XP) hydrogel films for potential use in controlled drug delivery applications. Hydrogel films were synthesized using glutaraldehyde for covalent crosslinking and Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions for ionic crosslinking, with varying polymer ratios and crosslinker concentrations. The swelling behavior and gel content were evaluated in both distilled water at 25 °C and simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C, revealing that dual crosslinking significantly enhanced structural integrity and swelling resistance, with gel content reaching up to 98%. Thermal analysis using DSC and DMA confirmed increased glass transition temperatures, indicating reduced polymer chain mobility due to denser crosslinking networks. Mechanical tests showed that the films possessed high tensile strength (60–62 MPa), with stiffness increasing alongside Cu<sup>2+</sup> concentration and xanthan content. Cytocompatibility was validated through MTT assays on Vero cells, with all formulations exceeding 80% viability, thus classified as non-cytotoxic according to ISO 10993-5:2009 guidelines. Drug release studies using para-acetylaminophenol demonstrated sustained release behavior, achieving 50% release over 6 h in SBF. Kinetic analysis revealed that the release followed zero-order kinetics (R² = 0.9986) and case-II transport (n = 1.0396), indicating that release was governed by matrix swelling and erosion. These findings highlight the potential of XP dual crosslinked hydrogels as effective and biocompatible platforms for sustained drug delivery, particularly in wound care applications.
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    Improving the Fluorescence of Carbon Dots Through Boron and Silver Doping: A Single-Step Microwave Synthesis Approach
    (2024-04-15)
    Sakboriboon, Yanika
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    Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
    ;
    Carbon dots (CDs) are a promising type of fluorophore with numerous advantages such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, good photostability, and ease of synthesis. However, their low quantum yields (QYs) have limited their applicability in many fields. Researchers have turned to doping CDs with nonmetallic and metallic atoms to address this issue. In this study, we synthesized citric acid/urea-based CDs doped with boron and/or silver atoms in a single step using microwave irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the CDs. In contrast, UV-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to examine their optical properties. We discovered that all synthesized CDs were transparent to visible light and emitted blue fluorescence when exposed to UV light. Our fluorescence analysis revealed that doping with both boron and silver atoms led to higher fluorescence compared to doping with only one of the atoms. Specifically, the quantum yields (QYs) of silver/boron-doped CDs were 26%, which is higher than those of silver-doped CDs (19%), boron-doped CDs (9%), and undoped CDs (6%). These findings suggest that the silver/boron-doped CDs produced using our simple method could be promising materials for sensors and biomedical applications.
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    Smart dual-mode fluorescent label from rhodamine–alginate and fluorescein–chitosan for real-time shrimp freshness monitoring
    (2026-01-15)
    Jitjamrasrat, Aorawee
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    Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
    ;
    A dual-mode pH-responsive label was developed for real-time visual monitoring of shrimp freshness. The system integrates oxidized sodium alginate grafted with rhodamine B ethylenediamine (ORE) and chitosan grafted with fluorescein (CSF) into screen-printable inks, forming a dual-color platform with complementary colorimetric and inverse ratiometric fluorescence responses, where ORE emission decreases while CSF emission increases with rising pH. This inverse behavior enhances visual contrast and enables intuitive color discrimination. The label exhibited reversible color transitions—from pink to yellow (daylight) and from bright orange to green (UV) in response to pH and volatile amines showing high sensitivity, selectivity, and storage stability. Applied to shrimp packaging, its optical response correlated with total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) levels, effectively distinguishing fresh, sub-fresh, and spoiled samples. RGB analysis using a smartphone enabled rapid, on-site freshness evaluation. This dual-mode, printable sensing platform offers a practical and scalable approach for seafood freshness monitoring and intelligent food packaging.
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    Colorimetric oxygen indicator films based on β-cyclodextrin grafted chitosan/montmorillonite with redox system for intelligent food packaging
    (2022-06-01)
    Jarupatnadech, Thanatcha
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    Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
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    Oxygen is an important factor in food deterioration; thus, packaging, with an in-built oxygen indicator, has been widely developed. Here, a safer, natural product-based, colorimetric oxygen indicator film based on β-cyclodextrin grafted chitosan/montmorillonite with methylene blue/glucose system was fabricated. Methylene blue in the activated films was reduced to leuco-form (colourless) by glucose and reverted to blue with oxygen exposure. Glucose, as well as the reducing agent for methylene blue, crosslinked the chitosan. In addition, the grafting of β-cyclodextrin onto chitosan and the addition of montmorillonite as well as humidity led to the faster colour changes of the films. The colour recovery of films could delay by covering them with a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film. The activated films showed good storage stability at low temperature which is suitable for the package of refrigerated food products. The films had the potential to be used as natural-based colorimetric oxygen indicators for food packaging.
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    Mechanical properties and bioactivity of calcium silicate/poly(ethylene terephthalateco-caprolactone) composites
    (2013-12-01)
    Suebwongnat, S.
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    ;
    Calcium silicate/poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-caprolactone) (CS/PET-co-PCL) composites were prepared via ring opening polymerisation (ROP) technique. The CS/PET-co-PCL composites were prepared by mixing 60 wt-% of CS, 40 wt-% of cyclics and dibutyl tinoxide catalyst (3 mol.-% with respect to cyclics). The cyclics consisted of the mixture of cyclic oligo(ethylene terephthalate) (COET) and e-caprolactone (CPL) with varying molar ratio of C-OET/CPL, i.e. 7 : 3, 8 : 2 and 9 : 1. The precomposites were then ring opening polymerised at 200°C for 24 h. The ROP-PET-co-PCL in the composites was present as a continuous phase impregnated with the CS particles. The 1HNMR spectra of ROP-PET-co-PCL extracted from the CS/PET-co-PCL composites showed heterolinkage signals between PET and PCL at d 4·4 and d 4·6 ppm, indicating successful copolymerisation. When the PCL content increased, the ROP-PET-co-PCL changed in the copolymer structure from block to random structure. The presence of CS powders in the CS/PETco- PCL composites resulted in high stiffness of the composites and inhibited heat dissipation during the dynamic mechanical analysis performed between 250 and 200°C. The compressive strengths of all the composites were in the range of 16-21 MPa. The higher the PET content, the stronger the CS/PET-co-PCL composites obtained. Composites containing 9 : 1 of C-OET/CPL polymerised at 200°C possessed the highest compressive strengths of 21·3 MPa, falling in the range of cartilage bone, i.e. 14-59 MPa. Bioactivities of the CS/PET-co-PCL composites were studied by soaking in simulated body fluid for 7 days. All CS/PET-co-PCL composites could induce the formation of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals on the composite surfaces, indicating the bioactivity of the CS/PET-co-PCL composites. © W. S. Maney & Son Ltd. 2013.
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    Carboxyethylation of chitosan-based polymeric dyes for potential pH-sensing applications
    (2023-08-01)
    Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
    ;
    Ronte, Arnat
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    Background: Polymeric dyes have gained significant attention due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields. Previous research has shown that chitosan-based polymeric dyes (CSPDs) had excellent color-sensing characteristics, but they had a solubility limitation. Methods: CSPDs were modified by the Michael reaction of acrylic acid in mild conditions. The synthesized derivatives were characterized using various analytical techniques, including FTIR, NMR, and UV–vis. Their crystallinity, thermal properties and solubility were also investigated. Significant findings: The presence of new carboxyethyl groups in novel water-soluble chitosan-based polymeric dyes (WCSPDs) after the modification was confirmed, without affecting their coloring. The derivatives also showed lower crystallinity, making them soluble in water over a wide range of pH values, and exhibited lower thermal stability. Furthermore, the derivatives displayed coloring properties and were nontoxic. These properties suggested the potential use of WCSPDs as sensor materials. In summary, the findings of this study highlighted the potential of WCSPDs as novel polymeric dyes with unique properties that could have significant applications in diverse fields, such as sensing and biomedical engineering.