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    Growth stage detection for food consumption management in smart cricket farming using a deep learning technique
    This research proposed a novel method for tracking and predicting the growth stages of two-spotted crickets, reared in a temperature-controlled box at different growth stages using the YOLOv5s model. The images of crickets feeding inside the rearing box were taken with an infrared camera above the feeding point every hour. Images of the cricket were used to train a YOLOv5s model to detect crickets for each growth stage in the rearing box. The experimental results showed that the trained deep learning had an average accuracy of 95.7%. The relationship between the ratio of crickets at each growth stage throughout the 45-day rearing period was plotted and discussed. The results also showed a clear relationship between the amount of food consumed by crickets per day and their growth stage, which could be useful for appropriately managing food consumption according to the growth stage of crickets.
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    Design and simulation of asymmetric Y-junction beam splitter with controllable splitting based on adjusted air-hole defect
    We report a construction of a new asymmetric Y-junction beam splitter with a controllable splitting ratio and simulate this splitter. The splitter is based on InP, has the area 65.0 µm<sup>2</sup> and operates at the light wavelengths 1.48 and 1.55 µm. Under condition of no air-hole defect, the splitting ratio for the output ports 1 and 2 is equal to 92/8 at the both wavelengths. To control the splitting ratio, air-hole defects with different (diamond, square and cylinder) shapes are introduced at the junction between the two output ports. Our simulations confirm that the splitting ratio of the beam splitter can be efficiently controlled by changing the size and the shape of the air-hole defect. The maximal splitting ratios at our operating wavelengths are equal to 10/90 and 14/86 and the appropriate average insertion losses amount to 0.36 and 0.31 dB for all of defect shapes.
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    Laser-Carved Legacy: Exploring the Scientific Construction and Cultural Significance of the World’s Largest Golden Buddha in Thailand Through a Tourist Perspective
    (2025-10-01)
    White, Pattarinee
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    Phae-Ngam, Wuttichai
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    Naemchanthara, Kittisakchai
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    This research investigates the intersection of construction innovation and cultural heritage through the lens of tourist perceptions of the world’s largest carved golden Buddha, situated at Khao Chi Chan Mountain, Pattaya, Thailand. Positioned as an emerging tourism destination, this site contributes to the rebranding of Pattaya as a globally significant hub for religious tourism. This study highlights how this monumental Buddha statue fosters spiritual experiences, promotes the conservation of art and culture, and encapsulates a historical narrative tied to Thailand’s royal lineage. Notably, the statue’s creation employed a pioneering technique—the only one of its kind worldwide—involving laser-guided carving by artisans, followed by gold leaf application to enhance its aesthetic magnificence. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted, integrating historical document analysis with narrative accounts of the statue’s construction using modern technology, complemented by quantitative data collected through tourist questionnaires. By documenting the historical use of laser technology in creating this iconic Buddhist landmark, this research corrects misconceptions about its construction process and highlights the innovative application of a 20 W Argon ion laser for drawing the image of Buddha on the cliff. This study evaluates tourist perceptions using the DHARMA model, revealing how Destination Identity, Heritage Values, and Memorable Experiences foster emotional connections and spiritual enrichment (β = 0.801, p < 0.001). The findings underscore Khao Chi Chan’s potential to reposition Pattaya as a hub for Buddhist tourism, diversifying its image beyond nightlife-centric tourism. This work contributes to sustainable tourism by demonstrating how sacred sites can balance cultural preservation and economic vitality, offering insights for heritage management and urban tourism development in Southeast Asia.
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    Multi-range Ammonia Gas Sensor Control and Monitor via IoT System
    (2022-01-01)
    Kruakuanphet, Aphichaya
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    Phongwisit, Phachara
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    In this paper, we present a multi-range of ammonia gas concentration control and monitoring via IoT system. We can select the ammonia gas concentration measurement range by adjusting load resistance within the voltage divider circuit. The appropriate measurement range, which corresponds to the concentration of ammonia gas produced by agricultural and industrial activities, can control and monitor via Blynk application. The MQ-137 gas sensor is selected as the main sensor, and each load resistance condition within the voltage divider circuit is calibrated with known ammonia gas concentration inside a calibration box. The calibration data is input into computer programming and processed by ESP8266 microprocessor. After calibration, we obtained a multi-range ammonia gas sensor suitable for measuring the ammonia gas concentration for each concentration range. The experiment showed that load resistance affects the measurement accuracy of ammonia gas concentration. We can select the load resistance suitable for the ammonia gas concentration and display on a smartphone via IoT system.
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    Preparation and Characterization of Low-emissivity AlN/Ag/AlN Films by Magnetron Co-sputtering Method
    (2023-09-01)
    Phae-Ngam, Wuttichai
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    Rattana, Tanattha
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    Lertvanithphol, Tossaporn
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    Mungchamnankit, Araya
    AlN and Ag thin films were deposited independently on the Si(100) wafers and glass slides by sputtering technique at various times to find the optimum deposition times for coating AlN and Ag films layers. The results obtained from glazing-incident X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmittance measurements showed that the optimum deposition time for coating AlN and Ag film layers were 40 min and 15 s corresponding to the film thickness of 46.7 and 19.6 nm, respectively. The optimum deposition times were used for coating AlN and Ag films in the multilayer AlN/Ag/AlN film stack. Then, the multilayer AlN/Ag/AlN film stack was deposited on the glass slide for transmittance measurement and a test glass plate with a size of 10 cm x 10 cm for infrared protection testing. The average solar transmittances in the visible range (λ = 380-780 nm) and in the near infrared range (λ = 780-2,000 nm) were found to be 48.05 and 15.17%, respectively which are comparable with those of a commercial glass.
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    Electronic nose ammonia gas monitoring via IoT system for Chlorella sp. cultivation
    (2023-01-01) ;
    Kruakuanphet, Aphichaya
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    Phongwisit, Phachara
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    In this paper, we present an electronic nose ammonia gas monitoring via IoT system for Chlorella sp. cultivation. The MQ–137 gas sensor module is selected as the primary sensor for measuring ammonia gas concentration. The pH sensor module is the sensor for measuring the pH levels in Chlorella sp. ponds. The MQ–137 gas sensors are calibrated with a known concentration of ammonia gas in the calibration box. Calibration conditions are set corresponding to low concentration of ammonia gas produced by Chlorella sp. cultivation. The pH sensor module is calibrated against a standard pH buffer. The calibration data obtained from the calibration method is input into computer programming and processed by the ESP8266 microprocessor. After calibration, the MQ–137 gas sensor and pH sensor modules are used to measure the ammonia gas concentration and pH levels in the Chlorella sp. ponds. Chlorella sp. is cultivated under three conditions of light intensity, natural light with an average light intensity of 1521 Lux, and artificial light with a light intensity of 1000 Lux and 2000 Lux, respectively. The ammonia gas concentration and pH levels of Chlorella sp. cultivation are transferred to the cloud system and displayed via the IoT system. And the system can also send a notification to a smartphone when ammonia gas concentration and the pH levels reach the specified value.
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    360 degree white light holography display on surface of transparency conical cup
    (2021-01-01) ;
    This paper presents the method and experimental results of the construction and reconstruction of three dimensions conical holography. He-Ne laser is used as the construction light source. Then the construction light is shone on top of a transparency conical cup, where a plain holographic film is wrapped around and attached to its surface. The object is located at the bottom of the cup. In this manner, the cup acts as a captured screen. After exposure, the film is developed and fixed by a chemical solution. The three-dimensional holography is recorded in the film. For reconstruction, we used red LED and flashlight as a reconstruction light source. The film is wrapped around and attached to the surface of the cup again. When the reconstruction light shines on the cup, the three-dimensional holography appears in the center of the cup. The cup is rotated in step, each step is 45 degrees, and the image is recorded by the digital camera. Experimental results show that the 360 degrees three-dimensional holographic image is successfully reconstructed. In conclusion, we could apply the method to create a three-dimensional holographic for displaying in all directions.
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    DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN IOT-CONTROLLED RGB LED LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR HYDROPONIC APPLICATIONS
    (2026-01-01)
    Worsoongnern, S.
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    This study presents the development of an Internet of Things-based RGB LED lighting system for precise, flexible light control in hydroponic plants. The system consists of 480 high-power RGB LEDs controlled by an ESP8266 microcontroller, enabling real-time adjustment of light intensity, photoperiod, and color ratios via a smartphone. Pulse-width modulation duty-cycle modulation enables the generation of white light suitable for different stages of plant growth. Experimental results show a linear correlation between illuminance and duty cycle for all color channels. Spectral analysis confirms stable emission within the photosynthetically active radiation range (400–700 nm), with the spectral composition remaining unchanged even when brightness is reduced (dimming). The system demonstrates high control accuracy and adaptability for regulating plant growth lighting, particularly for leafy vegetables such as lettuce.
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    Ultrawide-range refractive-index sensor based on asymmetric integrated Y-junction optical waveguide
    (2023-01-01)
    Phongwisit, P.
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    ; ;
    We present a novel ultrawide-range refractive index (RI) sensor based on an asymmetric Y-junction optical splitter. A cylindrically shaped rod with a diameter of 350 nm and a height of 1000 nm with a different RI is inserted into a junction of the asymmetric Y-junction waveguide. This rod serves as a sensing area. Our sensor is simulated using a finite-difference time-domain technique. The splitting ratio is studied for the cases of two operating wavelengths, 1480 and 1550 nm. The results show that the splitting ratio can be described as a parabolic function of the RI of the sensing area at both operating wavelengths. An approximately linear relationship between the splitting ratio and the RI occurs in a narrower RI region of 1.00–1.50, thus enabling to design an ultrawide-range RI sensor. The sensor sensitivities at the wavelengths 1480 and 1550 nm are equal respectively to 0.2653 and –0.4908 RIU<sup>–1</sup>, with the corresponding R<sup>2</sup> parameters amounting to 0.9889 and 0.9777. Our device can serve as an ultrawide-range optical RI sensor for identification of micro-scale biochemical or chemical specimens.
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    Fabrication and Characterization of Ag–Ta Thin Films by Co-Magnetron Sputtering as Alternative Layer for High Reflection of NIR Radiation
    (2023-01-01)
    Phae-Ngam, Wuttichai
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    Rattana, Tanattha
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    Kohmun, Kanokporn
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    Nakajima, Hideki
    Silver–tantalum (Ag–Ta) thin films were fabricated by magnetron co-sputtering on silicon (Si) wafer (100) and glass slide substrates at room temperature. The Ag–Ta thin films were prepared at various deposition times of 5, 10, 20 and 30 s and the physical, structural and optical properties of the Ag–Ta thin films were investigated. It was determined that the thicknesses of the films were 7, 9, 17 and 33 nm, respectively. The results revealed that an increase in the film thickness leads to a monotonic increase in FCC and BCC phase of Ag and Ta, respectively. The work function and stoichiometric of the Ag–Ta thin films were investigated by ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies (UPS and XPS), respectively. The potential of Ag–Ta thin films to be used as low-emission coating was investigated using a spectrophotometer. A UV–VIS–NIR spectrophotometer was used to measure the spectral reflectance in the wavelength range from 300 to 2000 nm. The results showed that the Ag–Ta thin film deposited for 30 s exhibited higher reflectance in NIR region than those of 5, 10, 20 and 30 s. It demonstrated an average reflectance of about 80% and slightly decreased to 75% after being kept in the air atmosphere for 28 days. It can be likewise proposed as an alternative thin film with high reflectance of NIR radiation single layer to develop industrial low-emission coating for cost-effective, clean, and easy adaptation to a large area coating.