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    A rapid synthesis of cobalt cyclotetraphosphate Co2P 4O12 at low temperature
    The cobalt cyclotetraphosphate, Co<inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12,</inf> was synthesized by evaporating a mixture of cobalt chloride hexahydrate, phosphoric acid and water at 70 °C, with further calcinations at 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C for 3 h. XRD results indicated that the Co <inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> compounds obtained had only monoclinic phase with space group C<inf>2h</inf><sup>6</sup> (Z=4). From FT-IR spectra, vibrational modes corresponding to internal vibrations of the P <inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf><sup>4-</sup> anion were identified. The morphologies and crystallite sizes for the Co<inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> obtained from SEM data and X-ray line broadening showed non-uniform particles and 37-68 nm, respectively. All characterization methods showed that the monoclinic phase of Co<inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> could be synthesized at the low temperature of 400 °C with short time consumption. The temperature was about 400 °C lower than that used in the previous synthesis method with CoCl <inf>2</inf> as reactant, and resulted in a cost-, energy-, and time-saving method. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.
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    Study on thermal transformation of CuHPO4.H2O obtained by acetone-mediated synthesis at ambient temperature
    (2012-11-01)
    Baitahe, Rattanai
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    ;
    Copper hydrogenphosphate monohydrate, Cu- HPO<inf>4</inf>.H<inf>2</inf>O, was synthesized for the first time through simple and rapid method using the mixing of copper carbonate and phosphoric acid in acetone medium at ambient temperature. The obtained CuHPO<inf>4</inf>.H<inf>2</inf>O decomposed in three stages via dehydration and deprotonated hydrogenphosphate reactions, revealed by TG/DTG and DSC techniques. The kinetic triplet parameters (E<inf>a</inf>, A, and n) and thermodynamic functions (δHz.ast;, δGz.ast;, and δS*) for the first two decomposed steps were calculated from DSC data. All the obtained functions indicate that the deprotonated HPO<inf>4</inf> <sup>2-</sup> reaction for the second step occurs at a higher energy pathway than the dehydration reaction for the first step. The calculated wavenumbers based on DSC peaks were comparable with FTIR results, which support the breaking bonds of OH (H<inf>2</inf>O) and P-OH (HPO<inf>4</inf> <sup>2-</sup>) according to decomposed mechanisms. All the calculated results are consistent and in good agreement with Cu- HPO<inf>4</inf>.H<inf>2</inf>O's thermal transformation mechanisms. © Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary 2012.
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    Optical properties of Cu0.95Pt0.05Fe0.97Sn0.03O2 for p-type transparent conducting oxide materials
    (2013-08-30) ;
    Kahatta, Sagulthai
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    ; ;
    The Cu<inf>0.95</inf>Pt<inf>0.05</inf>Fe<inf>0.97</inf>Sn<inf>0.03</inf>O<inf>2</inf> sample has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction to investigate optical properties of materials of transparent conducting oxide. Crystal structure was characterized by XRD. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were measured in the high temperature (300 to 860 K), while the XPS and UV-VIS-NIR spectra were analyzed at room temperature. The XRD peaks confirm the samples forming the delafossite structure phase. The Seebeck coefficient reveals the samples displays the p-type conducting. The XPS spectra show the Sn2+ state stabling in this compound. The optical direct gap is 3.45 eV as a visible-transparent material. These results support that the Cu<inf>0.95</inf>Pt<inf>0.05</inf>Fe<inf>0.97</inf>Sn<inf>0.03</inf>O<inf>2</inf> oxide compounds, of which the Cu<sup>1+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites are substituted by the Pt<sup>1+</sup> and Sn<sup>2+</sup> ions respectively, are p-type transparent conducting oxide materials. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    A simple route to synthesize ferromagnetic binary calcium iron pyrophosphate CaFeP2O2 using aqueous-acetone media
    (2013-08-30)
    Chaiyasith, Pachernchaipat
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    ; ;
    Kongteweelert, Samart
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    Woramongkonchai, Somsak
    A binary calcium iron pyrophosphate CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> was synthesized by solid state route using the mixing of calcium carbonate, iron metal and phosphoric acid in aqueous-acetone media at 600°C. The XRD datum indicates the formation of CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> phase without the presence of any phase impurities. FTIR result indicates the presence of the P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> <sup>4-</sup> anion in the structure. Sheet-like microparticle of CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> was revealed by SEM. Room temperature magnetization result showed ferromagnetic behavior of the synthesized CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, with saturation-specific magnetization value of 11.067 emu g<sup>-1</sup> at 10kOe. The magnetic feature of the synthesized CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> in this work compared with M<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> (M = Ca and Fe), its isotypic (CaMP2O7 (M= Mn and Co) and CFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> (C= Co and Cu) reported in our previous works is important properties for specific applications. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Thermal decomposition kinetics of FePO4·3H2O precursor to synthetize spherical nanoparticles FePO4
    (2007-12-19) ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    The thermal decomposition of iron phosphate trihydrate FePO <inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O was investigated in air using TG-DTG/DTA. The FePO<inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O decomposes in two steps, and the final decomposition product (FePO<inf>4</inf>) was studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The activation energies of the second dehydration reaction of FePO<inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O were calculated through the isoconversional methods of Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and the possible conversion functions have been estimated through the Coats-Redfern method. The specificity of thermal decomposition was characterized by identification of the bonds to be selectively activated due to energy absorption at the vibrational level, which was assigned by comparing the calculated wavenumbers with the observed wavenumbers in FTIR spectra. The kinetic model that better describes the second reaction of dehydration for FePO <inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O is the F<inf>n</inf> model as a simple n-order reaction, and the corresponding function is xc4(α) = (1-α)<sup>2.50</sup> and g(α) = -[1-(1-α)<sup>-1.50</sup>/(1. 50)]. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
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    Facile, alternative synthesis of spherical-like ca(H2PO4)2•H2O nanoparticle by aqueous-methanol media
    (2013-08-30)
    Kongteweelert, Samart
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    ; ;
    Chaiyasith, Pachernchaipat
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    Woramongkonchai, Somsak
    Spherical-like calcium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate (Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>•H<inf>2</inf>O) nanostructure was successfully prepared by the mixing of calcium carbonate and phosphoric in aqueous-methanol media at ambient temperature for 30 min. Three thermal decomposition step and higher stability at over 800°C of the prepared sample are different from the earlier works. Spherical-like Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>•H<inf>2</inf>O nanostructure with diameter < 100 nm confirmed by SEM may be important for potential applications. This method of synthesis by aqueous-methanol media is a fast and simple method and it is expected to be applicable for the synthesis of other nanocrystalline calcium phosphates. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Facile synthesis of lead-free piezoelectric sodium niobate (NaNbO 3) Powders via the solution combustion method
    (2011-07-29)
    Chaiyo, Nopsiri
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    Ruangphanit, Anucha
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    ;
    Nanocrystalline perovskite sodium niobate, NaNbO<inf>3</inf> (NN), was prepared by means of the glycine-nitrate combustion process (GNP). This was achieved by using sodium nitrate and niobium pentoxide as starting materials. The X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) was used to investigate the phase formation and purity of synthesized powder. The morphology of the powder obtained was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The amount of glycine in the starting solution was found to have significant influence on the combustion process and the final phase purity. The fuel-rich ratio (fuel-to-oxidant molar ratio of 1.0) was found to produce NaNbO <inf>3</inf> powder of an average crystalline size (defined by XRD) of 31.31 ± 4.37 nm. Calcination at 400°C for 4 h produced single phase NN with an average crystalline size of about 26.60 to 37.14 nm. Copyright © Taylor &Francis Group, LLC.
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    Effect of Pb(Y1/2Nb1/2)O3 additions on thermal and electrical properties of PbZrO3 ceramics
    (2011-07-29) ; ;
    Niemcharoen, Surasak
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    The solid solution of a (1-x)PbZrO<inf>3</inf> - xPb(Y<inf>1/2</inf>Nb <inf>1/2</inf>)O<inf>3</inf> (PZ - PYN) system, with x = 0.00 - 0.08, was synthesized by the wolframite precursor method. The effects of PYN content on crystal structure, and electrical and thermal properties of PbZrO<inf>3</inf> ceramic were investigated. The crystal structure of sintered ceramics was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The pure perovskite phase was obtained for all compositions. The transition temperatures of the AFE to PE phase become lower with PYN increase. The dielectric properties of PZ were improved by the addition of PYN. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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    A new synthesis of BaHPO4 precipitated by BaCO3-H4PO4-NaOH system at room temperature
    (2013-08-30) ; ; ;
    Chaiyasith, Pachernchaipat
    ;
    Woramongkonchai, Somsak
    Barium hydrogenphosphate, BaHPO<inf>4</inf> was synthesized for the first time through simple and rapid method using BaCO<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>-NaOH, pH =9.0 at room temperature for 30 min. The studied BaHPO<inf>4</inf> decomposed in a single well-defined stage via deprotonated hydrogenphosphate reactions, revealed by TG/DTG and DSC techniques. The calculated wavenumbers based on DSC peak were comparable with FTIR results, which support the breaking bonds of P-OH (HPO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup>) in the deprotonated hydrogenphosphate reactions. The thermodynamic functions (ΔH*, ΔG*, and ΔS*) for the deprotonated hydrogenphosphate reactions calculated from DSC data indicate that the deprotonated HPO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup> reaction occur a lower-energy pathway and spontaneous process. The FTIR, XRD and SEM data of the studied BaHPO<inf>4</inf> and its decomposed product Ba<inf>4</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> are also reported. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Barium zirconate titanate nanoparticles synthesized by the sonochemical method
    (2013-05-01) ; ;
    Charoonsuk, Piyanut
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    Kim-Lohsoontorn, Pattaraporn
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    A new route for preparing barium zirconate titanate nanoparticles (BaZr<inf>0.3</inf>Ti<inf>0.7</inf>O<inf>3</inf> (BZT)) has been developed by ultrasonication of BaCl<inf>2</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O, ZrOCl <inf>2</inf>·8H<inf>2</inf>O and TiCl<inf>4</inf> precursors in a high concentration of NaOH aqueous solution. The as-prepared powders were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as cubic perovskite BZT. The phase formation was confirmed by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. The increase of NaOH concentration resulted in BZT powders with smaller particle size and less BaCO<inf>3</inf> contamination. The microstructure of BZT powders prepared in 20 M NaOH examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed nanosized spherical morphology with the average particle sizes of 51±6 nm. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.