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    Micromonospora endophytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacteria of Thai upland rice (Oryza sativa)
    An actinobacterial strain, DCWR9-8-2 T, was isolated from a leaf of Thai upland rice (Oryza sativa) collected in Chumporn province, Thailand. Strain DCWR9-8-2 T is Gram-stain-positive aerobic bacteria that produce single spores directly on the vegetative hypha. Cell wall peptidoglycan of this strain exhibits meso-diaminopimelic acid and glycine, the reducing sugars of whole-cell hydrolysate are arabinose, glucose, ribose, xylose and small amount of mannose. The phospholipid profiles in the membrane are comprised of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The major menaquinones are MK-9(H 4) and MK-10(H 6). The diagnostic cellular fatty acids are iso-C 16:0 and iso-C 15:0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 72.5 mol%. The result of 16S rRNA sequence analysis of the strain revealed that this strain was closely related to Micromonospora auratinigra TT1-11 T (99.25%). On the other hand, the result of gyrB gene sequence analysis revealed that this strain was closed to M. eburnea JCM 12345 T (96.30%). In addition, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic properties supported that this strain should be judged as a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name M. endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCWR9-8-2 T (=BCC 67267 T =NBRC 110008 T).
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    Rhizobium paknamense sp. nov., isolated from lesser duckweeds (Lemna aequinoctialis)
    A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated and designated strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> during a study of endophytic bacterial communities in lesser duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis). Cells of strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> were motile with peritrichous flagella. The analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> was phylogenetically related to species of the genus Rhizobium. Its closest relatives were Rhizobium borbori DN316<sup>T</sup> (97.6 %), Rhizobium oryzae Alt 505<sup>T</sup> (97.3 %) and Rhizobium pseudoryzae J3-A127<sup>T</sup> (97.0 %). The sequence similarity analysis of housekeeping genes recA, glnII, atpD and gyrB showed low levels of sequence similarity (,91.5 %) between strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> and other species of the genus Rhizobium with validly published names. The pH range for growth was 4.0-9.0 (optimum 6.0-7.0), and the temperature range for growth was 20-45 °C (optimum 30 °C). Strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> tolerated NaCl up to 2% (w/v) (optimum 1% NaCl). The predominant components of cellular fatty acids were C<inf>19: 0</inf> cyclo ω8c (31.32 %), summed feature 8 (C<inf>18: 1</inf>ω7c and/or C<inf>18: 1</inf>ω6c; 25.39 %) and C<inf>16: 0</inf> (12.03 %). The DNA G+C content of strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> was 60.4 mol% (T<inf>m</inf>). nodC and nifH were not amplified in strain L6-8<sup>T</sup>. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> and R. borbori DN316<sup>T</sup>, R. oryzae Alt505<sup>T</sup> and R. pseudoryzae J3-A127<sup>T</sup> was between 11.2 and 18.3 %. Based on the sequence similarity analyses, phenotypic, biochemical and physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization, strain L6-8<sup>T</sup> could be readily distinguished from its closest relatives and represents a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium paknamense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L6-8<sup>T</sup> (=NBRC 109338<sup>T</sup>=BCC 55142<sup>T</sup>). © 2013 IUMS.
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    Micromonospora oryzae sp. Nov., isolated from roots of upland rice
    An actinomycete strain, designated CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup>, was isolated from root internal tissues of upland rice (Oryza sativa). Based on a polyphasic approach, strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> was characterized as a member of the genus Micromonospora. meso- Diaminopimelic acid and 3-OH-diaminopimelic acid were present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unidentified phospholipids and four unidentified polar lipids. Predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H<inf>4</inf>), MK-9(H<inf>6</inf>) and MK-10(H<inf>4</inf>). Whole-cell sugars consisted of ribose, xylose, arabinose and glucose. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence suggested that strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> was closely related to Micromonospora haikouensis 232617<sup>T</sup> (99.32% similarity), Micromonospora carbonacea DSM 43168<sup>T</sup> (99.18%) and Micromonospora krabiensis MA-2<sup>T</sup> (99.16%). Strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> was distinct from its closest relatives based on low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness (21.3¡0.1– 41.7¡0.7%) and phenotypic differences. The results presented in this study showed that strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> (5BCC 67266T5NBRC 110007<sup>T</sup>).
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    Micromonospora soli sp. nov., isolated from rice rhizosphere soil
    An actinomycete strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> was isolated from a rice field and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The morphological and chemotaxonomical characteristics of strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> indicate that it belongs to the genus Micromonospora. The phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> is a member of the genus Micromonospora, and is closely related to Micromonospora echinaurantica DSM 43904<sup>T</sup> (99.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Micromonospora kangleipakensis MBRL 34<sup>T</sup> (98.8 %). DNA–DNA relatedness between strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> and its relatives ranged from 21.2 % ± 0.6 to 38.7 % ± 0.4. The results obtained from our study indicate that strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SL3-70<sup>T</sup> (=BCC 67268<sup>T</sup>; =NBRC 110009<sup>T</sup>).
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    Paenibacillus lemnae sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium of duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis)
    A Gram-stain-variable, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain L7-75, was isolated from duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis). Cells were motile with a monopolar flagellum. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain L7-75<sup>T</sup> belonged to the genusPaenibacillus, and the closest phylogenetically related species werePaenibacillus uliginis N3/975<sup>T</sup> (98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity),Paenibacillus purispatii ES_M17<sup>T</sup> (98.5 %), Paenibacillus lactis MB 1871<sup>T</sup> (98.2 %), Paenibacillus campinasensis 324<sup>T</sup> (97.7 %), Paenibacillus glucanolyticusS93<sup>T</sup> (97.7 %) and Paenibacillus lautus ATCC 43898<sup>T</sup> (97.4 %). Growth of strain L7-75<sup>T</sup> was observed at pH 7–10 and at 20–40 °C, and NaCl concentrations up to 5 % (w/v) were tolerated. Major cellular fatty acids included anteiso-C<inf>15 : 0</inf>, C<inf>16 : 0</inf> and anteiso-C<inf>17 : 0</inf> that were present at 36.0 %, 14.2 % and 10.0 % of the total cellular fatty acid profile, respectively. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine. MK-7 was the predominant menaquinone. The diamino acid found in the cell-wall peptidoglycan wasmeso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was 49.1 mol% (T<inf>m</inf>). DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain L7-75<sup>T</sup> and its closest relatives ranged from 4.4 to 47.8 %. These results indicate that strain L7-75<sup>T</sup> represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus lemnaesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L7-75<sup>T</sup> ( = BCC 67838<sup>T</sup> = NBRC 109972<sup>T</sup>).
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    Pseudoxanthomonas helianthi sp. Nov., isolated from roots of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)
    A bacterium designated as strain roo10<sup>T</sup> was isolated from roots of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus). Cells were Gram-stain-negative and non-motile rods. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that it represented a member of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, and its close relatives included Pseudoxanthomonas kalamensis JA40<sup>T</sup> (97.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Pseudoxanthomonas sangjuensis 5GH38-5<sup>T</sup> (97.7%) and Pseudoxanthomonas daejeonensis TR6-08<sup>T</sup> (97.1%). Growth of roo10<sup>T</sup> occurred at pH 7-9. The temperature for growth ranged from 20 to 37 °C. Tolerance to NaCl was observed from 0.005 to 5% (w/v) concentration. Predominant fatty acids were iso-C<inf>15:0</inf> (23.5%), iso-C<inf>16:0</inf> (18.9%) and anteiso-C<inf>15:0</inf> (11.5%). Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine were the major polar lipids. The predominant quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The DNA G+C content was 65.7 mol% [from melting temperature (T<inf>m</inf>)]. Comparison of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicated that roo10<sup>T</sup> was distinguishable from its close relatives. Additionally, the DNA-DNA relatedness levels between roo10<sup>T</sup> and P. kalamensis DSM 18571<sup>T</sup> (22±0.5%), P. sangjuensis 5GH38-5<sup>T</sup> (21±0.2%) and P. daejeonensis DSM 17801<sup>T</sup> (3±1%) were lower than 70%. These results indicated that roo10<sup>T</sup> represented a novel species of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas helianthi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is roo10<sup>T</sup> (=BCC 70700<sup>T</sup>=NBRC 110414<sup>T</sup>).
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    Rhizobium lemnae sp. nov., a bacterial endophyte of Lemna aequinoctialis
    Bacterial strain L6-16<sup>T</sup> was isolated from Lemna aequinoctialis. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and motile with monopolar flagella. The phylogenetic analysis of its nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain L6-16<sup>T</sup> was a member of the genus Rhizobium. Its closest relative was Rhizobium tarimense PL-41<sup>T</sup> with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 98.3 %. Sequence similarity analysis of the housekeeping recA and atpD genes showed low levels of sequence similarity (<93.9 %) between strain L6-16<sup>T</sup> and other species of the genus Rhizobium. Strain L6-16<sup>T</sup> was able to grow between pH 5 and 11 (optimum 7.0) and at temperatures ranging from 20 to 41 °C (optimum 30 °C). It tolerated NaCl up to 1 % (w/v) (optimum 0.5 %). C<inf>18: 1</inf>ω7c and/or C<inf>18: 1</inf>ω6c (summed feature 8; 79.5 %) were found as predominant cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain L6-16<sup>T</sup> was 58.1 mol% (T<inf>m</inf>). Based on low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness, strain L6-16<sup>T</sup>was distinct from members of phylogenetically related species including R. tarimense PL-41<sup>T</sup> (38.3±0.8 %), Rhizobium rosettiformans W3<sup>T</sup> (6.9±0.4 %) and Rhizobium pseudoryzae J3-A127<sup>T</sup> (12.3±0.6 %). Strain L6-16<sup>T</sup> was unable to nodulate the roots of Phaseolus vulgaris, and nodC and nifH genes were not detected. The results obtained from phylogenetic analyses, phenotypic characterization and DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that strain L6-16<sup>T</sup>represents a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium lemnae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L6-16<sup>T</sup> (=NBRC 109339<sup>T</sup>=BCC 55143<sup>T</sup>). © 2014 IUMS.
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    Antimicrobial compounds from endophytic Streptomyces sp. BCC72023 isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (2016-05-01)
    Supong, Khomsan
    ;
    ;
    Choowong, Wilunda
    ;
    ;
    Thanaboripat, Dusanee
    An endophytic actinomycete strain BCC72023 was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L.) and identified as the genus Streptomyces, based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. The strain showed 99.80% similarity compared with Streptomyces samsunensis M1463<sup>T</sup>. Chemical investigation led to the isolation of three macrolides, efomycins M (1), G (2) and oxohygrolidin (3), along with two polyethers, abierixin (4) and 29-O-methylabierixin (5). To our knowledge, this is the first report of efomycin M being isolated from a natural source. The compounds were identified using spectroscopic techniques and comparison with previously published data. All compounds exhibited antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium falciparum, K-1 strain, a multidrug-resistant strain, with IC<inf>50</inf> values in a range of 1.40-5.23 μg/ml. In addition, these compounds were evaluated for biological activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus cereus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum capsici, as well as cytotoxicity against both cancerous (MCF-7, KB, NCI-H187) and non-cancerous (Vero) cells.