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    Micromonospora endophytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacteria of Thai upland rice (Oryza sativa)
    An actinobacterial strain, DCWR9-8-2 T, was isolated from a leaf of Thai upland rice (Oryza sativa) collected in Chumporn province, Thailand. Strain DCWR9-8-2 T is Gram-stain-positive aerobic bacteria that produce single spores directly on the vegetative hypha. Cell wall peptidoglycan of this strain exhibits meso-diaminopimelic acid and glycine, the reducing sugars of whole-cell hydrolysate are arabinose, glucose, ribose, xylose and small amount of mannose. The phospholipid profiles in the membrane are comprised of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The major menaquinones are MK-9(H 4) and MK-10(H 6). The diagnostic cellular fatty acids are iso-C 16:0 and iso-C 15:0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 72.5 mol%. The result of 16S rRNA sequence analysis of the strain revealed that this strain was closely related to Micromonospora auratinigra TT1-11 T (99.25%). On the other hand, the result of gyrB gene sequence analysis revealed that this strain was closed to M. eburnea JCM 12345 T (96.30%). In addition, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic properties supported that this strain should be judged as a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name M. endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCWR9-8-2 T (=BCC 67267 T =NBRC 110008 T).
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    Isolation and expression analysis of the Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase genes in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera gaertn.), Waterlily (Nymphaea sp.) and transient silencing in Waterlily
    (2017-04-01)
    Chaipanya, Chaivarakun
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    Arunyanart, Sumay
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    Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) converts flavanones from dihydroflavonols, which leads to production of flavonoid compounds via the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in plants. In this study, the F3H gene was isolated from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) cv. Buntharik (white petal lotus), cv. Satabankacha (pink petal lotus), and waterlily (Nymphaea sp.) var. St. Louis Gold by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The open reading frames (ORF) of three cultivars’ genes were 1,134 bp in length, encoding a predicted protein of 377 amino acids. Their nucleotide sequences were identical, and the amino acid sequence shared high homology to F3H from different plant species. Expression of F3H was specifically regulated in petals and stamens, while less expression was found in leaf tissue of waterlily variety St. Louis Gold. The correlation of F3H expression according to specific colouration was performed in waterlily. The F3H gene was more highly expressed in decreasing order of red, purplish blue, and yellow petals when compared using semi quantitative PCR (sqPCR). Gene regulation according to flowering stage and pigmentation was determined in lotus. The F3H expression was slightly diminished in petals of cultivar Satabankacha at the fully-opening stage, whereas it was detected in the cultivar Buntharik only when white petals were tinted with pink. An RNAi gene-silencing vector, pJA8F3H, encoding a hairpin F3H RNA, was introduced to waterlily petals using the Agrobacterium infiltration method, and the F3H expression was analysed at 1 and 3 days post infiltration (dpi) by sqPCR. The results showed that the F3H expression was down-regulated at 3 dpi in flowers tested of the red petal variety and purplish blue petal variety compared to controls. The results confirmed that pJA8F3H is efficient and could be used as a transformation vector to transiently suppress F3H expression in waterlily or lotus.
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    Tissue culture and transformation of the antisense DFR gene into lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) through particle bombardment
    (2013-09-24)
    Buathong, Raveevatoo
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    Phansiri, Salak
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    Arunyanart, Sumay
    The effects of explant and plant growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration and particle bombardment-induced transformation were examined in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) cv. Buntharik. The apical buds from embryos (~3. mm) formed an embryogenic callus when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 40. μM 1-napthaleneactic acid (NAA) and 0.5. μM 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea (TDZ) for 8 weeks. All of the embryogenic calluses were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0, 40, 50 and 60. μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and the highest number of shoots was achieved in the medium supplemented with 50. μM BA after 8 weeks of culture. The transformation of lotus using a particle bombardment device was examined with the shoot clusters from embryogenic apices. The pCAMBIA2301anti-DFR plasmid contained β. -glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter gene, neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) as a selectable marker, and antisense dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (anti-. DFR) as the gene of interest. The particle bombardment procedure with a helium gas pressure of 1100. psi and a target distance of 6. cm yielded the highest number of blue spots (4.8 spots/shoot cluster). However, stable transformations, as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, were only achieved using a helium gas pressure of 1100. psi and a target distance of 9. cm. Our work illustrates that the stable transformation of lotus is possible, and we suggest that this methodology can be used to target and modify specific charactics of this plant. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
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    Mating type and genetic diversity analysis of Pyricularia oryzae collected from Thai rice varieties
    (2018-12-01)
    Tansian, P.
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    Rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most damaged of rice production worldwide. The fungi are a great diversity on both genotype and pathotype. The genetic relationship of P. oryzae collected in Thailand during year 2016 and 2017 was analyzed. Rice plants appeared blast symptom were collected from epidemic areas and was isolated by single spore. All isolates were identified for mating type using MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 primer sets. In this result, the mating type MAT1-2 was mostly found in Thailand and only about 7.7 % of MAT1-1 was found in the population. In this observation, both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 were found from isolates collected from the same location in Phetchabun province. Therefore, the genetic analysis of 14 Magnaporthe grisea using microsatellite (MGM) markers was cluster-analyzed using UPGMA method of the SHAN program. The result showed cluster analysis was separated the population into 11 groups. Group 1 to 7 showed the percentage of the population with 3.8, 5.8, 36.5, 13.5, 3.8, 25.1 and 3.8, respectively. For group 8-11, the rice blast pathogen from North and South of Thailand were separated into single isolate group. Group 6 was the highest diversity of province numbers which obtained from diverse rice varieties that showed similar genotype but difference in pathogenicity. The difference isolates of fungi could infect the same rice variety. Genetic diversity and determination of mating type of rice blast populations in Thailand are needed to study and useful for predicting an epidemic of rice blast disease and selecting the appropriate isolates for blast breeding programs.
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    Micromonospora oryzae sp. Nov., isolated from roots of upland rice
    An actinomycete strain, designated CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup>, was isolated from root internal tissues of upland rice (Oryza sativa). Based on a polyphasic approach, strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> was characterized as a member of the genus Micromonospora. meso- Diaminopimelic acid and 3-OH-diaminopimelic acid were present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unidentified phospholipids and four unidentified polar lipids. Predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H<inf>4</inf>), MK-9(H<inf>6</inf>) and MK-10(H<inf>4</inf>). Whole-cell sugars consisted of ribose, xylose, arabinose and glucose. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence suggested that strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> was closely related to Micromonospora haikouensis 232617<sup>T</sup> (99.32% similarity), Micromonospora carbonacea DSM 43168<sup>T</sup> (99.18%) and Micromonospora krabiensis MA-2<sup>T</sup> (99.16%). Strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> was distinct from its closest relatives based on low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness (21.3¡0.1– 41.7¡0.7%) and phenotypic differences. The results presented in this study showed that strain CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CP2R9-1<sup>T</sup> (5BCC 67266T5NBRC 110007<sup>T</sup>).
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    Phytoalexin production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in hydroponics and its in vitro inhibitory effect on plant pathogenic fungi
    (2017-09-01)
    Talubnak, Chulalak
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    Jaenaksorn, Tanimnun
    A series of experiments were conducted to investigate phytoalexin production from five varieties of lettuce in hydroponics using abiotic (2.5, 5% CuSO<inf>4</inf>; 0.5, 1% AgNO<inf>3</inf>) and biotic elicitors (non-pathogenic Pythium sp.) at different plant ages. It showed that phytoalexin was successfully induced in tested lettuce grown in hydroponics after elicitation with abiotic elicitors throughout the trial. Phytoalexin showed yellow fluorescent spot under 365 nm UV light with R<inf>f</inf> 0.45-0.48 and clear inhibition zone where Aspergillus niger failed to develop on TLC plate. For biotic elicitors, no yellow fluorescent spot on TLC plate was observed from tested lettuce varieties however inhibition zone at R<inf>f</inf> 0.9 was detected at 8-9 weeks from red oak, green oak, and red coral. Moreover, crude extract of lettuce elicited with abiotic elicitors possessed in vitro antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides, C. lunata, F. oxysporum, and P. aphanidermatum probably due to phytoalexin (lettucenin A) in the extract.
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    Micromonospora soli sp. nov., isolated from rice rhizosphere soil
    An actinomycete strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> was isolated from a rice field and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The morphological and chemotaxonomical characteristics of strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> indicate that it belongs to the genus Micromonospora. The phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> is a member of the genus Micromonospora, and is closely related to Micromonospora echinaurantica DSM 43904<sup>T</sup> (99.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Micromonospora kangleipakensis MBRL 34<sup>T</sup> (98.8 %). DNA–DNA relatedness between strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> and its relatives ranged from 21.2 % ± 0.6 to 38.7 % ± 0.4. The results obtained from our study indicate that strain SL3-70<sup>T</sup> represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SL3-70<sup>T</sup> (=BCC 67268<sup>T</sup>; =NBRC 110009<sup>T</sup>).
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    Transformation of antisense dihydroflavonal 4-reductase (DFR) into sacred lotus 'Buntharik' using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
    (2014-03-13) ;
    Leethaweesup, W.
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    Arunyanart, S.
    Transformation of antisense dihydroflavonal 4-reductase (DFR) into 'Buntharik' sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer was experimented. The A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harbored two binary vectors. The pCAMBIA2301anti-DFR plasmid contained neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) as a selectable marker gene, the antisense DFR as an inserted gene and the β-glucuronidas gene (GUS) as a reportor gene. The pBI121anti-DFR plasmid contained NPTII gene and the antisense DFR. Twomonths-old calli regenerated from apical buds were used as plant materials. The plant materials were soaked in the Agrobacterium suspension for 10 or 30 min. The calli were co-cultivated for two days in the darkness. Treated calli were selected on solid MS medium containing 50 mg L<sup>-1</sup> kanamycin and 250 mg L<sup>-1</sup> cefotaxime. The calli were transferred to the same medium every two weeks for eight weeks. The survived calli regenerated shoots on MS medium containing a combination of 0.54 μM NAA and 4.44 μM BA. Both plasmids gave the best callus growth, maximum callus size and the survival percentage when soaked for 10 min. GUS bioassay was used to verify the presence of GUS gene in petioles and leaves of transgenic plants. It was found that petioles and leaves of transformants which were transformed with pCAMBIA2301anti-DFR by soaking for 30 min showed the highest percentage of blue spots on explants. Of all 14 PCR positive clones, 5 clones showed GUS gene, 11 clones contained NPTII gene and 6 clones had DFR gene.
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    Genetic mapping of leaf blast resistance gene in landrace rice cultivar ‘GS19769’
    (2015-08-31) ;
    Tansian, Pennapar
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    Sreewongchai, Tanee
    The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is highly varied and therefore overcomes resistance in a few years. Rice cultivars with the ability to resist different blast races are therefore required. In this study, a resistance gene of landrace rice cultivar ‘GS19769’ is identified using a mix of 19 blast isolates collected from several epidemic areas in Thailand. The selected cultivar was fertilised with the blast susceptible variety, Khao Dok Mali 105 (KDML105), to generate the mapping population. Segregation analysis in the F<inf>2</inf> population shows that ‘GS19769’ contains more than 1 resistance gene, as the Chi-square test for segregation of resistance and susceptibility does not fit the ratio of 3:1. The bulk segregant analysis by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers shows that the identified resistance gene is linked to the SSR markers RM224 and RM144 on chromosome 11. Analysis of 15 F<inf>2</inf> plants susceptible to the blast was conducted. The gene was mapped to RM224 and RM144 at the same distance of 20 cM.
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    Identification of blast-resistant varieties from Landrace, improved and wild species of rice
    (2013-07-18)
    Salih, Abdu
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    Sreewongchai, Tanee
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    Sripichitt, Prapa
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    An experiment was conducted to identify rice varieties resistant to blast disease. Samples of 311 genetically diversified varieties/accessions comprised of landrace (263), improved (43) and wild (5) rice varieties/accessions were provided by the National Rice Gene Bank of Thailand. The screening for blast at the seedling stage was done using 29 diversified blast isolates. The blast isolates were collected from seven provinces (Phitsanulok, Ubon Ratchathani, Khon Kean, Chiang Rai, Nong Khai, Chaiyaphum and Udon Thani) of Thailand. The results indicated a total of 35 varieties/accessions (25 landrace, 9 improved and 1 wild) were resistant to all tested blast isolates. The 25 resistant landrace varieties were collections from Northern (10), Northeastern (9) and Southern (6) Thailand. Moreover four of the resistant landrace varieties (GS23107, GS19769, GS20874 and GS23774) were highly resistant with no symptom of the disease. From this study, it can be suggested that the resistant landraces from the Southern, Northern and Northeastern regions could be used as sources of resistant varieties in designing future breeding programs aimed at developing disease-resistant genotypes.