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    A Systematic Literature Review of Architecture Fostering Green Mindfulness
    Green mindfulness seems to play an important role in promoting sustainability in architecture, but discrete areas of knowledge are still widely unknown. This study aimed to explore the publications that exist on the nexus between green mindfulness and architecture, and to find the architectural features that tend to foster green mindfulness. The study conducted a systematic literature review by searching publications from databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and Thai Journals Online in September 2022. Five authors—one architectural researcher, two architectural professors, and two architects—independently reviewed the full-length articles to confirm their accuracy and objectivity. Eight articles were selected for examination by descriptive analysis showing the publication year, source, and citations of the articles. Thematic analysis was used to find the characteristics of the architectural atmosphere with the potential for fostering green mindfulness. Finally, only one study was found that was truly concerned with architecture and green mindfulness. This publication showed that mass and volume are associated with biophilic design, fascination with biophilic design, and affiliation with biophilic design. Material and object refer to natural material; light is in reference to natural light; and landscape and viewpoint suggest plants, greenery, and natural views, while details regarding color and sound were not explored.
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    Mindful Architecture from Text-to-Image AI Perspectives: A Case Study of DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion
    (2025-03-01) ;
    Wongvorachan, Tarid
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    Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
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    Chunhajinda, Pornteera
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    Mindful architecture is poised to foster sustainable behavior and simultaneously mitigate the physical and mental health challenges arising from the impacts of global warming. Previous studies demonstrate that a substantial educational gap persists between architecture and mindfulness. However, recent advancements in text-to-image AI have begun to play a significant role in generating conceptual architectural imagery, enabling architects to articulate their ideas better. This study employs DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion—popular tools in the field—to generate imagery of mindful architecture. Subsequently, the architects decoded the architectural characteristics in the images into words. These words were then analyzed using natural language processing techniques, including Word Cloud Generation, Word Frequency Analysis, and Topic Modeling Analysis. Research findings conclude that mindful architecture from text-to-image AI perspectives consistently features structured lines with sharp edges, prioritizes openness with indoor–outdoor spaces, employs both horizontal and vertical movement, utilizes natural lighting and earth-tone colors, incorporates wood, stone, and glass elements, and emphasizes views of serene green spaces—creating environments characterized by gentle natural sounds and calm atmospheric qualities. DALL-E is the text-to-image AI that provides the most detailed representation of mindful architecture.
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    Impact of Wall Paint Solar Absorptance on CO2 Emissions in Residential Buildings: A Case Study from Bangkok
    (2024-12-01) ;
    Wongvorachan, Tarid
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    ;
    Electricity consumption in buildings is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which drive climate change. Reducing electricity use in residential buildings, which account for approximately 20% of Thailand’s total electricity consumption, represents a key opportunity for lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study was to assess the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through the use of appropriate solar absorptance in wall paint, conducted via an energy simulation using a representative residential building model from Bangkok. The DOE2.1E program was employed to simulate a standard two-story house commonly found in Thailand, with an approximate floor area of 120 square meters. The window-to-wall ratios were set at 10% and 20%, and air conditioning usage was modeled for nighttime hours. External wall paint was assigned varying solar absorption coefficients, ranging from 10% to 90%. Greenhouse gas emissions were calculated by multiplying the simulated annual electricity consumption by the emission factor, expressed in kgCO<inf>2</inf>eq/kWh, provided by the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization. The results indicated that adjusting wall paint solar absorptance from 10% to 90% led to a 10% variation in both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, potentially reducing CO<inf>2</inf> emissions by approximately 411–456 kgCO<inf>2</inf>eq per house per year. Therefore, implementing regulations that mandate the use of wall paints with appropriate solar absorption coefficients could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to environmental protection efforts in Thailand.
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    A Systematic Review of Architecture Stimulating Attention through the Six Senses of Humans
    The climate change crisis is negatively impacting the mental health of people worldwide. Attention is a pivotal pathway to healing ourselves and the world, as it is a sensory process that enhances mental health and promotes sustainable behavior. Despite architecture’s potential to captivate all six human senses immediately, there is still a significant gap in research. Thus, this study aimed to identify architectural features that stimulate attention through the six human senses: visual, touch, auditory, olfaction, taste, and emotion. This review article was conducted by searching data from Scopus in February 2024, identifying 4844 related publications. After data screening following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 32 relevant and accessible research works were identified. Finally, data were extracted from the selected articles and analyzed using thematic analysis to explore their relevance to all six senses. The results reveal that the architectural features predominantly eliciting attention are mainly related to visual sensory stimuli. Closely following are the architectural features perceived through the emotional sense. The architecture that promotes attention is minimally associated with touch, auditory, and olfaction senses. Lastly, no architectural features were found to influence attention perceived through the sense of taste. Nevertheless, this study merely synthesizes data from previous research studies. Future research endeavors should validate this study’s findings for broader implications empirically.
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    Exterior Biophilic Design Attributes Supporting Urban Mental Well-Being: A Case Study of Singapore’s Architecture
    (2026-02-01) ;
    Wongvorachan, Tarid
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    Petlai, Taksaporn
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    Somngam, Panyaphat
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    Ratanapong, Naipai
    The biophilic city concept has been proposed as an approach to mitigate the negative impacts of urban growth under global warming, which increasingly affects people’s mental health. As architecture occupies a substantial proportion of urban areas, biophilic architecture plays a crucial role in supporting urban well-being, contributing to sustainable development in line with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) (Good Health and Well-being). Previous studies have identified a research gap regarding the integration of exterior biophilic architectural attributes within urban contexts. Therefore, this study aims to identify exterior biophilic architectural attributes that can enhance urban mental well-being, using buildings in Singapore as case studies. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate architectural attributes and people’s emotional responses, with the aim of analyzing their relationships. The results indicate that exterior biophilic architectural attributes contribute unequally to urban mental well-being. Natural features emerged as the most influential attribute, exerting comprehensive positive effects on attentiveness, inspiration, and self-assurance. Natural forms and natural colors also demonstrated significant contributions by promoting relaxation, cognitive engagement, and inspiration. In addition, natural spaces supported attentiveness and confidence, while natural materials, despite being less prevalent, exhibited strong qualitative effects on inspiration and psychological security. Accordingly, this study provides biophilic architectural design guidelines that support the mental sustainability of urban populations affected by global warming.
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    Biophilic Architecture in the Livable City of Melbourne CBD
    (2025-12-01) ;
    Wongvorachan, Tarid
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    Somngam, Panyaphat
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    Petlai, Taksaporn
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    Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
    Amid continuous urban population growth and urbanization’s environmental and social challenges, livable cities have become a key priority for governments. Among the various factors influencing urban livability, architectural design integrating natural elements plays a critical role. Melbourne consistently ranks as one of the world’s most livable cities, with its Central Business District (CBD) serving as its core. Since a previous study has highlighted a research gap concerning the role of architecture in livable cities and indicated that the characteristics of biophilic architecture remain unclear, this study addresses the following question: What are the attributes of biophilic architecture in the CBD of the livable city of Melbourne? Subsequently, buildings exhibiting characteristics of Biophilic architecture were surveyed, and photographs capturing the most representative aspects of each building were documented. These characteristics were then coded and analyzed using statistics. The study found that Biophilic architecture is extremely rare in Melbourne’s CBD, with only four of 6375 properties (0.06%) identified as such. The most prominent attributes include connection to nature, natural color tones, and light modulation shaped by the city’s grid layout and strong sunlight. However, the dominance of concrete structures and heritage regulations constrains formal diversity. While Melbourne may not provide abundant examples, its context offers valuable insight into how urban form and policy shape biophilic expression. Future studies should extend this comparative approach to other cities to better understand context-specific adaptations of biophilic design.
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    The Architectural Language of Biophilic Design After Architects Use Text-to-Image AI
    (2025-03-01) ;
    Wongvorachan, Tarid
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    Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
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    Somngam, Panyaphat
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    Petlai, Taksaporn
    Biophilic design is an architectural concept that bridges the gap between modern buildings and the innate human longing for nature. In addition, it promotes physical and mental well-being while aligning with several Sustainable Development Goals. Recent research highlights that the architectural language used to describe the attributes of biophilic architecture remains unclear. Previous research has shown that text-to-image AI enhances architects’ ability to articulate their ideas more effectively. Therefore, this study aims to address the following research question: What are the architectural languages of biophilic design after architects use text-to-image AI? The initial step involves generating images of biophilic architecture by using three popular text-to-image AI tools: DALL-E 3, MidJourney, and Stable Diffusion. The 30 selected images were used to help architects develop the architectural language to describe the characteristics of biophilic design across 10 categories: Form, Space, Movement, Light, Color, Material, Object, View, Sound, and Weather. The terms obtained were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP) techniques, including word cloud analysis, frequency analysis, and topic modeling. The results indicate that the architectural language of biophilic design exhibits greater detail and clarity after architects utilize text-to-image AI. Nevertheless, in some instances, the language used to describe biophilic design is also constrained by the images generated by the text-to-image AI that the architects observe.
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    A Content Analysis of Architectural Atmosphere Influencing Mindfulness through the Lens of Instagram
    (2023-07-01) ; ; ;
    Phaibulputhipong, Prima
    Mindfulness is a psychological construct that enhances sustainable behaviors, environmental behavior, environmental consumption, mindful consumption, and water and energy sustainable consumption. The state of mindfulness can be affected by the determinator of the physical environment as architecture via the architectural atmosphere. The previous studies show that the discrete areas of knowledge between architecture and mindfulness are still widely unknown. However, image-centered social media platforms such as Instagram seem to be able to provide big data for studying people’s perceptions of architecture. Thus, this study aims to describe the concept design and characteristics of architectural atmosphere in architecture images tagged mindfulness posted to Instagram. A coding framework developed from a previous systematic literature review was conducted for this content analysis. A total of 354 architectural images were screened, coded, and analyzed by five architects. The results highlight that the Japanese traditional architecture (59.20%) looks to be the most architectural atmosphere concept that influences mindfulness, following by Biophilic Design (33.05%), and Buddhist contemplative space (20.06%). In addition, it was found that the most common architectural atmosphere characteristic fostering mindfulness performed calm space (73.58%), focus object (54.45%), concrete material (85.71%), hue color (78.17%), hard light and shadow (78.98%), and view with a tree (60.11%).
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    Exploring Sidewalk Built Environment Design Strategies to Promote Walkability in Tropical Humid Climates
    (2025-08-01)
    Anuntavachakorn, Pakin
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    Pawarana, Purinat
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    Wongvorachan, Tarid
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    The world is facing a state of “global boiling,” causing damage to various sectors. Developing pedestrian systems is a key to mitigating it, especially in tropical and humid cities where the climate discourages walking and increases the need for shaded walkways. Recent research shows a lack of data and in-depth studies on the built environment promoting walkability in such climates, creating a research gap this study aims to fill. Using Singapore as a case study, four locations—Marina Bay, Orchard Road, Boat Quay, and Chinatown—were surveyed and analyzed through visual decoding and questionnaires. Results show that natural light is the most frequently observed and important element in pedestrian pathway design in tropical and humid areas. Trees and sidewalks are also important in creating a walk-friendly environment. Green spaces significantly influence the desire to walk, though no clear positive outcomes were found. Additionally, “Other Emotions” negatively affect the decision to walk, suggesting these should be avoided in future pedestrian pathway designs to encourage walking.
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    Exterior Architectural Characteristics of Biophilic Design in Diverse Regional Contexts: Case Studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia
    (2026-03-01) ;
    Wongvorachan, Tarid
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    Petlai, Taksaporn
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    Somngam, Panyaphat
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    Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
    Biophilic design has gained increasing importance in contemporary architecture due to its potential to enhance human well-being, environmental quality, and the integration of nature within built environments. While a growing body of literature exists, there remains a limited understanding of how biophilic architecture is visually expressed in diverse regional contexts. As the exterior of a building constitutes its most immediate expression, examining these characteristics is essential. This research gap raises the question of how exterior biophilic design characteristics are articulated in architectural practice within different geographic settings. To address this gap, this study examines the exterior architectural characteristics of biophilic design through selected case studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia, focusing on how these characteristics are manifested in each regional context. The research adopts a three-step methodological approach. First, on-site photographic documentation was conducted. Second, the collected photographs were systematically coded. Third, descriptive analysis was employed to examine the distribution of biophilic design characteristics in diverse regional contexts. Across all regions, biophilic attributes are most prominently manifested with natural colors, natural materials, and biomorphic or natural forms. In contrast, spatial attributes appear less consistently documented in photographs. This study is limited by its reliance on photographic analysis and a relatively small sample size. Future research should integrate multimethod approaches and expanded case studies to capture experiential and environmental dimensions of biophilic design beyond visual attributes.