Cholesterol oxidation products, dietary fiber, physicochemical properties, and sensory attributes of NaCl-substituted beef sausages supplemented with defatted coconut flour

Abstract

This study examined the effects of supplementing defatted coconut flour (DCF) on oxysterols, dietary fiber, physicochemical properties, and sensory attributes of NaCl-substituted beef sausages. The sausages were formulated with either 15% wheat flour (WF) + 2% NaCl (DCF-1); 5% WF + 10% DCF + 2% NaCl (DCF-2); 5% WF + 10% DCF + 0.5% NaCl + 1.5% KCl (DCF-3); or 5% WF + 10% DCF + 0.5% NaCl + 1.5% potassium citrate (DCF-4), and roasted at 180 °C for 25 min. DCF supplementation significantly reduced moisture and increased total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber in the sausages. DCF-3 and DCF-4 sausages had lower sodium content (P < 0.05). DCF-1 sausages were lighter and redder (P < 0.05) than the other sausages, except DCF-3. DCF-3 sausages exhibited higher cooking loss compared to the other sausages (P < 0.05). DCF-1 sausages had higher levels of 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and total oxysterols, while DCF-4 sausages had the lowest levels of 7-ketocholesterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, and total oxysterols (P < 0.05). TBARS values were higher in DCF-1 and DCF-2 sausages than in DCF-3 and DCF-4 sausages. DCF-1 sausages had higher carbonyl content compared to the other formulations. The sensory attributes of DCF-3, DCF-1, and DCF-4 sausages were comparable, but DCF-2 sausages had a better taste than DCF-3 and DCF-4, as well as the highest overall acceptability. In conclusion, DCF supplementation improved the dietary fiber content, oxidative stability, and sensory quality of NaCl-substituted beef sausages. The partial substitution of NaCl with potassium salts lowered sodium content and enhanced oxidative stability in beef sausages.