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EX-CCCII with Controlled Current Gain and Its Applications
Author(s)
Date Issued
April 1, 2026
Type
Article
Abstract
This paper presents a novel extra-X second-generation current-controlled conveyor (EX-CCCII) with controllable current gain. Unlike the conventional EX-CCCII, the proposed EX-CCCII provides a controllable current gain between the (Formula presented.) - and (Formula presented.) -terminals. To demonstrate the advantages of the EX-CCCII with the controllable current gain, the proposed EX-CCCII is employed to realize a universal current-mode filter and a three-phase current-mode oscillator. The universal filter can realize five standard filtering responses (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass) using the same topology. The current gains of these filters can be controlled through the current gain of the EX-CCCII, while the natural frequency of the universal filter can be electronically tuned via the intrinsic resistance at the x-terminal. When the proposed EX-CCCII is used to implement the three-phase oscillator, the condition of oscillation can be adjusted through the current gain of the EX-CCCII, whereas the oscillation frequency can be tuned using the parasitic resistance of the x-terminals. The proposed EX-CCCII and its applications were verified through SPICE simulations using the transistor model parameters NR100N (NPN) and PR100N (PNP) of the bipolar array ALA400-CBIC-R from AT&T to confirm the functionality and feasibility of the proposed topologies. Furthermore, experimental verification of the EX-CCCII and its integration into a three-phase oscillator further substantiates the proposed concept and demonstrates its practical viability.
Citation
Technologies, 14(4), 2026