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    Effects of natural herbicide from tagetes erecta on echinochloa crus-galli (L.) beauv
    (2018-01-01)
    Wichittrakarn, P.
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    We studied the inhibitory effects of leaves extracts of Tagetes erecta on weed-seed germination and the mechanisms involved. Hydroethanolic crude extract (OR) from Tagetes erecta dried leaves was partitioned into four fractions: hydrolyzed (HY), aqueous (AQ), neutral (NE) and acidic (AE). The inhibitory effects of crude extracts and its fractions were evaluated on germination and seedlings growth of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of each fraction were also determined. Germination and seedling growth were drastically inhibited by HY and AE followed by NE, OR and AQ. The HY and AE fractions had higher concentrations of both phenolics and flavonoids than other fractions. The HY fraction was selected as most potent for development as natural herbicide due to its high yield and strong inhibitory effects. The HY fraction was formulated into a soluble concentrate product (SCT) and its inhibition potential and modes of action were investigated. The SCT drastically inhibited the seed germination of E. crus-galli, inhibiting both imbibition, α-amylase activity and also seedling growth. Cytogenetic bioassays of SCT on root-tip cells of Allium cepa L. showed that it inhibited the mitosis and thereby the cell division. It is likely that a natural herbicide may be developed from the hydrolyzed fraction of a hydroethanolic extract of Mexican marigold leaves.
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    Upland rice vinegar vapor inhibits spore germination, hyphal growth and aflatoxin formation in Aspergillus flavus on maize grains
    The efficacy of vapor-phase (VP) upland rice vinegar (URV) was investigated as a bio-fumigant for maize, to reduce consumer health risks associated with spore and toxin formation by Aspergillus flavus. Complete reduction of mycelial growth occurred with in vitro VP exposure to URV (containing 0.0017 mmol/L acetic acid) or with VP exposure to pure acetic acid (PAA) (containing 0.0023 mmol/L acetic acid). No significant differences were observed between the two materials after 90 min exposures. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), URV vapor was shown to contain volatiles having antifungal activities. These are identified as isoamylalcohol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate and β-phenylethyl acetate. It is suggested these volatiles increase the antifungal effectiveness of URV. Exposure to VP-URV (containing 0.0043 mmol/L AA) for 5 h completely eliminated viable spores of A. flavus on maize seeds (23% moisture content) previously inoculated with 4.43 ± 0.28 log spores/g). At the same time, aflatoxin production decreased, as VP-URV exposure increased. Hence, VP-URV is shown to be an effective control agent for A. flavus mycelial growth and aflatoxin formation on maize, so effectively reducing the potential for consumer health risks due to this widespread fungus.
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    Effect of peppermint essential oil fumigation on seed quality of green soybean cultivar KPS292 after storage
    (2023-02-01)
    Yonsawad, N.
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    Seed storage conditions can determine germination characteristics and vigor potential of seeds. The present study aimed to test the effect of different storage conditions on seed germination in green soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) 'KPS292'. Five methods of green soybean seed storage were examined: (1) untreated seeds were kept in refrigerator at 4°C (controlled conditions), (2) seeds fumigated with peppermint essential oil were kept in vacuum packed bags or (3) plastic boxes at room temperature, and (4) seeds fumigated with distilled water were kept in vacuum packed bags or (5) plastic boxes at room temperature. Results indicate that seeds stored at 4°C for six months exhibited the highest seed germination rates. No significant difference in germination rates of fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and kept in vacuum packed bag and fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and stored in plastic box was found compared to seed storage at 4°C. In addition, seed storage at 4°C showed the lowest electrolyte leakage from seeds, which did not differ from seeds fumigated with the peppermint essential oil that were kept in a vacuum-packed bag. For 12-month seed storage, all seed storage methods showed seed germination rates of <50%. Growth characteristics and yield performances were also determined under field conditions. All seed storage methods had no significant effects on plant height. Seed storage methods at 4°C, fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and kept in vacuum packed bag, and fumigation with the peppermint essential oil and stored in plastic box showed similar effects on plant height, plant biomass, node number per plant, pod number per plant, and seed yield per plant. On the other hand, the yield of seeds stored in plastic boxes was found to have decreased.
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    Influence of plant growth regulators on shoot development of Chrysanthemums
    (2024-01-01)
    Boonkamjat, T.
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    Plant nodes were cultured on MS mediums supplemented with multiple concentrations of plant growth regulators. Sunny Snow produced the largest callus of 1.19×1.19 cm and obtained 93.33% of new shoots with 10 . 0 0 shoots per callus, and 0. 84 g callus fresh weight, when grew in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IAA as compared to the control which no callus was produced. After 20 weeks of culturing, the second set showed that the control treatment of Sunny Snow gave the highest stem growth and the best canopy size of 9.00 and 5.60 cm respectively. Chompoo Phan gave the highest scores of chlorophyll content, i.e., chl a 652.14 µg/g FW, chl b 332.47 µg/g FW and carotenoid 165.92 µg/g FW. Besides, MDA appeared to be highest, 17.37 nmol/g FW when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IAA.
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    Antioxidant activities and heat stability of edible flowers of Telosma minor and Sesbania javanica
    (2018-01-02) ;
    Changsawake, Kanokporn
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    Aqueous and ethanolic extracts from the edible flowers of Telosma minor (cowslip creeper), and Sesbania javanica (sesbania) were assessed for their their total phenolics, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, and anti-lipid peroxidation ability. Aqueous extracts of cowslip creeper had the highest activities as a DPPH radical scavenger and as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. The value of the half-maximal effective concentration (EC<inf>50</inf>) for DPPH radical-scavenging of the aqueous cowslip creeper extract was 252.5 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, compared to the EC<inf>50</inf> values for the standards, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which were 2.26 and 21.80 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. For anti-lipid peroxidation, the IC<inf>50</inf> (the half-maximal inhibition concentration) value of the aqueous cowslip creeper extract was 1539.93 mg L<sup>−1</sup> while the IC<inf>50</inf> value of BHT was 683.5 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The aqueous extract of cowslip creeper had the highest total phenolic concentration (991.3 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g<sup>−1</sup> DW). The total phenolic content in cowslip creeper and sesbania flowers had high positive correlation with their antioxidant activities and anti-lipid peroxidation. The aqueous extract of sesbania flowers was the most heat stable antioxidant (100°C for 15 or 30 min), decreasing in total phenolic content but no changes in DPPH scavenging or in anti-lipid peroxidation activity.
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    Comparison of vapor-phase acetic acid and vinegar effectiveness in maintaining quality of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.)
    (2020-01-01) ; ;
    Krusong, Warawut
    Leafy shoots of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.) were exposed to the vapor of either dilute acetic acid (AA) or of upland rice vinegar (URV) – both solutions were diluted to contain 4% of acetic acid – for 10 min and stored at 12°C. The sweet basil exposure to AA had a 16% increase in shelf life and those exposures to URV 35% increase compare to the control. There were no significant differences in fresh weight loss during storage between the AA and URV but both had significantly lower fresh weight losses than the control. The chlorophyll content of both AA and URV were significantly higher than the control. The radical scavenging was significantly higher in the URV than in the AA and the control. The electrolyte leakage was both significantly lower in the URV than in the AA and the control. The occurrence of lipid peroxidation was similar in both the AA and URV, and both were significantly lower than in the control. These results indicate URV has potential as an effective way of raising quality and extending postharvest storage of sweet basil shoots.
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    Peppermint essential oil extends the vase life of the cut Dendrobium orchid ‘White Sanan’
    The vase life of cut orchid flowers is significantly extended by preservative solutions containing silver compounds. However, these compounds are toxic and require careful handling and disposal. As a result, the demand is increasing for natural preservation materials such as plant essential oils as they are biodegradable, ecofriendly, and safe alternatives for enhancing vase life and postharvest cut flower quality. The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of an emulsion of glucose and peppermint essential oil on vase life and postharvest quality of the popular cut Dendrobium orchid ‘White Sanan’. The orchids were preserved in vase solutions of distilled water or 4% glucose + 0.005-0.02% peppermint essential oil. The essential oil treatment increased the vase life of the flowers and the inflorescences by more than 6 days longer than the control treatment. The combination of glucose and peppermint essential oil increased water uptake and the fresh weight of cut orchids and delayed wilting time and abscission of floral buds and open florets. Moreover, treatment with the vase solution containing 4% glucose + 0.005% peppermint essential oil resulted in the highest bud opening rate (86.9%). Our results suggest that applying 4% glucose and 0.005-0.02% peppermint essential oil is especially effective as a preservative solution for the Dendrobium orchid ‘White Sanan’.
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    Influence of ginger essential oil nanoemulsion delivery system on antioxidant activity and postharvest Davallia frond vase life
    (2025-01-01)
    Kowwilaisang, Piangpassorn
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    Plant essential oils have limited water solubility, for which problem oil-in-water emulsions provide a good solution. The aim of this work was to prepare a ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale Rosc.; GEO) coarse emulsion, microemulsion, and nanoemulsion all with the same formula, determine their characteristics, and compare their antioxidant activities and utility as holding solutions for Davallia fronds. A coarse emulsion was firstly formed by a magnetic stirrer of GEO with a 1:2 by weight mixture of Tween 20 and Span 20 at weight ratio of 1:8, respectively. The coarse emulsion droplets (810.0 nm) were then broken by sonication and high-pressure homogenization to create the microemulsion (426.1 nm) and nanoemulsion (76.4 nm), respectively. The three emulsions exhibited ζ-potential values more negative than -30 mV, indicating them to be stable. All three emulsions demonstrated DPPH• and ABTS•+ free radical scavenging capacities significantly higher than those of GEO in ethanol. Meanwhile, the nanoemulsion significantly improved the Fe<sup>2+</sup> chelating effect Finally, in a bioefficacy experiment with Davallia fronds, both the microemulsion at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL and the coarse emulsion at 10 mg/mL were found to extend frond vase life. The nanoemulsion demonstrated superior frond longevity at low concentration (5 mg/mL), but at higher concentration (10 mg/mL), vase life and leaf chlorophyll were not improved and malondialdehyde formation increased. Based on the current investigation, emulsification significantly enhances the antioxidant activities of GEO. Vase solutions containing high concentrations of coarse emulsion (10 μg/mL), microemulsion (5 and 10μg/mL), and low concentration of nanoemulsion (5μg/mL) increased Davallia frond longevity from 6.3 days to up to 11.9 days. Our findings suggest that there is an optimal concentration range for using essential oil emulsions in different delivery systems as a preservation solution in cut fronds.
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    Eucalyptus and citronella essential oils used in preservative solutions affect the vase life of cut philodendron leaves
    (2019-02-01)
    Yonsawad, Nipaporn
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    Cut leaves of Philodendron sp. (philodendron plu jeeb) are often used in bouquets and flower arrangements. Keeping quality is a key criterion for assessing the value of a cut leaf, by growers, traders, and consumers alike. This study set out to determine the influence of the essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalyptus) and Cymbopogon nardus Rendle (citronella) on the vase life of cut leaves of the philodendron plu jeeb. Vase life was assessed in terms of relative fresh weight, electrolyte leakage, pigment content, hydrogen peroxide accumulation, and antioxidant activity. Philodendron plu jeeb petioles were treated with preservative vase solutions of distilled water and 12.5 µg·mL<sup>-1</sup> eucalyptus essential oil, 25 µg·mL<sup>-1</sup> eucalyptus essential oil, 12.5 µg·mL<sup>-1</sup> citronella essential oil, and 25 µg·mL<sup>-1</sup> citronella essential oil. Cut leaves were held at room temperature (c. 30°C) in daylight and with natural ventilation. Eucalyptus essential oil at 12.5 µg·mL<sup>-1</sup> in the vase solution significantly increased leaf vase life and helped maintain relative fresh weight. The essential oils had positive effects on the retention of membrane integrity and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay). They also had inhibitory effects on hydrogen peroxide accumulation and on chlorophyll and carotenoid degradation. The results indicate that 12.5 µg·mL<sup>-1</sup> eucalyptus essential oil has potential as a vase-life extender for cut leaves of the philodendron plu jeeb.
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    Baby corn fermented vinegar and its vapour control postharvest decay in strawberries
    (2015-07-03)
    Krusong, W.
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    Infection by Botrytis cinerea is a major cause of postharvest decay in strawberries. The efficacy of baby corn fermented vinegar (BFV) for growth inhibition of B. cinerea was investigated by diffusing 0%-0.225% acetic acid from BFV or glacial acetic acid into potato dextrose agar. BFV containing 0.225% acetic acid completely inhibited the growth of B. cinerea. Strawberry-flavoured baby corn fermented vinegar (SF-BFV) was developed to mask unfavourable smells caused by BFV. The effectiveness of BFV liquid and vapour for controlling postharvest decay in strawberries was evaluated along with associated sensory analyses. Taste panellists readily accepted fruit that had been sprayed with SF-BFV or exposed to BFV vapour, both treatments that significantly reduced fruit decay. Strawberries inoculated with B. cinerea were also tested. Shelf life at 4°C of strawberries sprayed with SF-BFV was extended to 7 days while that of fruit exposed to BFV vapour was extended to 11 days.