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Recent Advances in Zwitterionic Materials and Hydrogels for Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Sensing
(2025-08-08)
Manojkumar, Kaliyannan
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Muthuramalingam, Mukilan
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Sateesh, Dhara
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Sundaramoorthy, Arunmetha
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Srinivasa Babu, P. S.
The integration of zwitterionic polymers with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has sparked significant interest in the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. Zwitterionic polymers, characterized by their unique molecular structure featuring dual charge configurations, have revolutionized energy harvesting in TENG technology. This review explores recent advancements in the integration of zwitterionic polymers with TENGs, focusing on their applications in self-healing, antibacterial, flexible, and antifreezing scenarios. Despite offering superior properties such as enhanced output voltage and chemical stability, challenges persist in their synthesis complexity and compatibility. Strategies to address these challenges include the development of hybrid material systems and scalable synthesis methods. Overall, this review emphasizes the pivotal role of zwitterionic polymers in propelling the advancement of TENG technology, providing insights into current trends and future prospects.
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Calcium Copper Titanate Particles Based Energy Harvesting and Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
(2025-05-13)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Behera, Swayam Aryam
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Das, Bhagyashree
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Hajra, Sugato
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Panda, Swati
In this work, calcium copper titanate oxide (CaCu<inf>3</inf>Ti<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>, abbreviated as CCTO) was processed employing a solid-state reaction. The properties of CCTO were thoroughly characterized using various characterization tools. The CCTO particles layer and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) acted as triboelectric layers, forming a contact and separation-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). TENG, based on CCTO/PTFE, delivered an output of 74 V and 6 μA. TENG was utilized to harvest energy through various human activities, effectively charging capacitors, and was further attached to a pillow to monitor sleep. The study also evaluated the photocatalytic performance of CCTO for the degradation of doxycycline, achieving 87% efficiency within 45 minutes under visible light. The reaction pathway was thoroughly investigated, and catalyst reusability was examined. CCTO demonstrates potential as a dual-function material, serving both as a photocatalyst for environmental cleanup and as a triboelectric material for energy harvesting.
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High-Performance Droplet-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Comparison of Device Configuration and Operating Parameters
(2025-05-06)
Chaithaweep, Kanokwan
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Pharino, Utchawadee
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Pongampai, Satana
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Hajra, Sugato
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Kim, Hoe Joon
Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) harness liquid-solid electrification to convert water droplets impacts into electrical energy. This study systematically examines how droplet height, droplet volume, flow rate, and substrate tilt angle influence DEG performance using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a triboelectric layer and deionized water. Three electrode designs (double, top, bottom) are evaluated, revealing that the double-electrode configuration delivers the highest output. This enhanced performance arises from synergistic droplet motion, electrical double-layer formation, and charge discharge, as validated by an equivalent circuit model. By varying droplet heights from 1–20 cm, volumes of 7.7–50 µL, flow rates of 50–300 drops/min, and tilt angles of 0–90°, an optimized setup yields −70 V and 22 mA, translating to a power density of 0.28 µW cm<sup>−2</sup>. High-speed imaging correlates these outputs with droplet impact dynamics and the resulting charge transfer. Additionally, the optimized DEG can power small electronic devices, charge capacitors, and monitor artificial acid rain in real-time, displaying distinct electrical signals compared to typical rainwater. These findings underscore the potential of DEGs as renewable energy harvesters and smart environmental sensors, paving the way for advanced on-demand power generation in diverse settings.
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Triboelectrification Based on the Waste Waterproof Textiles for Multisource Energy Harvesting
(2025-05-01)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Hajra, Sugato
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Panda, Swati
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Belal, Mohamed A.
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
The demand for sustainable energy resources to power sensor networks such as consumer electronics, agricultural technologies, digital forest management, and home automation is rapidly increasing. There are sustainability challenges to consider, where waste waterproof textiles are critical to encourage the development of a circular economy in the development of new energy technologies. This present work focuses on the utilization of direct waste waterproof textiles to design two types of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which include a liquid-solid based TENG (L-S TENG) and a flapper-type TENG. The bottom electrode configuration for the L-S TENG and single electric mode working mechanism is considered for the flapper-type TENG. Waste waterproof textiles can lead to a possible expansion of sustainable material for energy harvesters. The raincoat textile-based L-S TENG (L-STENG-R) is able to generate 0.5 V at a tilt angle of 50 degrees and power of 0.41 nW. TENGs based on discarded waterproof textiles are further utilized to demonstrate their phase change sensing, along with wind and water energy harvesting. This approach focus on decreasing waste and lower dependency on traditional resources to support environmentally responsible energy alternatives.
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Optimizing Waste Heat Conversion: Integrating Phase-Change Material Heatsinks and Wind Speed Dynamics to Enhance Flexible Thermoelectric Generator Efficiency
(2024-01-01)
Egypt, Phanathagorn
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Sakdanuphab, Rachsak
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Sakulkalavek, Aparporn
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Klongratog, Bhanupol
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Somdock, Nuttakrit
Flexible thermoelectric generators (FTEGs) have garnered significant attention for their potential in harnessing waste heat energy from various sources. To optimize their efficiency, FTEGs require efficient and adaptable heatsinks. In this study, we propose a cost-effective solution by integrating phase-change materials into FTEG heatsinks. We developed and tested three flexible phase-change material thicknesses (4 mm, 7 mm, and 10 mm), focusing on preventing leaks during operation. Additionally, we investigated the impact of wind speed on the output performance of FTEGs with a flexible phase-change material heatsink. The results indicate that the appropriate flexible phase-change material thickness, when integrated with considerations for wind speed, demonstrates remarkable heat-absorbing capabilities at phase-change temperatures. This integration enables substantial temperature differentials across the FTEG modules. Specifically, the FTEG equipped with a 10 mm thick flexible phase-change material heatsink achieved a power density more than four times higher when the wind speed was at 1 m/s compared to no wind speed. This outcome suggests that integrating phase-change material heatsinks with relatively low wind speeds can significantly enhance flexible thermoelectric generator efficiency. Finally, we present a practical application wherein the FTEG, integrated with the flexible phase-change material heatsink, efficiently converts waste heat from a circular hot pipe into electricity, serving as a viable power source for smartphone devices. This work opens exciting possibilities for the future integration of flexible thermoelectric modules with flexible phase-change material heatsinks, offering a promising avenue for converting thermal waste heat into usable electricity.
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Highly Flexible Tribovoltaic Nanogenerator Based-on P-N Junction Interface: Comparative Study on Output Dependency Dominated by Photovoltaic Effect in Freestanding-Mode
(2023-10-18)
Sriphan, Saichon
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Worathat, Supakarn
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Pharino, Utchawadee
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Chanlek, Narong
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
The emergence of tribovoltaic nanogenerators (TVNGs) paves the way for developing a new kind of semiconductor-based energy harvester that overcomes the restriction of low output current in a conventional approach. The traditional TVNG generally depends on the frictional pair between two rigid semiconductors (or metal-semiconductor), limiting the practicability of flexible and portable electronics. Recent developments require the fundamental understanding of charge generation in diverse operating modes and structures. Here, a flexible TVNG based on the p-Cu<inf>2</inf>O/n-g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> interface is presented. Operating in a freestanding mode, the proposed TVNG can generate a stable signal in any optical conditions including UV illumination, dark, and ambient. Under UV illumination, the electrical outputs of the TVNG reach 0.43 V and 2.1 µA cm<sup>−2</sup>, which are significantly larger than those obtained from dark and ambient conditions. The results demonstrate the coupling effect of three phenomena: tribovoltaic, photovoltaic, and triboelectric effects, and the unique mechanism to the observed signal is proposed. Additionally, the TVNG shows the practical feasibility of energy harvesting with capacitor charging and charge-boosting circuits. This study showcases the unique concept with potential for developing a novel flexible nanogenerator in many aspects, including material, structure, and fundamental mechanism.
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Feasibility Study of Using Energy Harvesting Systems in Terms of Energy production and Economic Evaluation for a Nanogrid Road Lighting System
(2022-01-01)
Yoomak, Suntiti
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Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
This study investigated the feasibility of using a wind energy harvesting in a nano-grid road lighting system. A two-blade Savonius wind turbine was installed on a traffic island to generate electrical energy from vehicle movement. The wind flow velocity stemming from the movement of different vehicles and affecting the wind turbine was analysed by computational fluid dynamics method using ANSYS software. The economic feasibility of using various energy harvesting systems for solar, wind, and piezoelectric energy for a nano-grid road lighting system was evaluated. Further, the optimisation between different renewable energy sources and storage systems for the nano-grid road lighting system was performed using HOMER Pro software. The results showed that the electrical energy production using wind velocity from vehicle movement was feasible, although the wind velocity was unstable. An economic evaluation revealed that the use of piezoelectric energy systems was unfeasible owing to their high investment costs compared to their power generation. The behaviour of power generation from renewable energy and load consumption significantly affected the size of energy harvesting and storage systems. Therefore, the mismatch between solar energy and road lighting system consumption increased the size of solar and energy storage systems, leading to low economic feasibility. In contrast, the hybrid solar-wind system demonstrated great economic feasibility.
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A high voltage gain SC DC-DC converter based on cross-connected fibonacci-type converter
(2018-08-13)
Eguchi, Kei
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Pongwatd, Sawai
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Asadi, Farzin
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Fujisaki, Haruka
For energy harvesting systems, this paper presents a high voltage gain switched-capacitor (SC) converter with cross-connected topology. By cross-connecting two Fibonacci-type DC-DC converters, the proposed SC DC-DC converter provides a high stepped-up voltage which is expressed as a power of two. Unlike conventional converters, the stepped-up voltage is generated in all clock phase. Furthermore, the cross-connected structure provides the reduction of internal resistance and output capacitance. Therefore, small size and efficient energy conversion can be achieved by the proposed converter. The characteristics of the proposed converter were investigated by not only SPICE simulations but also theoretical analysis, where the proposed converter demonstrated high performance such as high voltage gain, small size, high power efficiency, and fast response speed.

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