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Photothermal solar assisted Madhuca diethyl ether fuel processing for LHR engines with AI-based performance and yield prediction
(2026-12-01)
Dubey, Rakesh
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Prajapati, Ajeet Kumar
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Bharadwaj, Shruti
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Kamchoom, Viroon
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Onyelowe, Kennedy C.
This study investigates the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends derived from Madhuca longifolia oil with diethyl ether (DEE) as an oxygenated additive in a diesel engine. Prior to fuel preparation, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted to verify the chemical composition of the extracted oil, confirming the presence of triglyceride structures and long-chain fatty acids characteristic of Madhuca longifolia oil. A solar-assisted preheating mechanism was incorporated during oil extraction to reduce energy consumption and improve yield consistency. The system was further integrated with a 250 Wp solar photovoltaic (PV) panel (efficiency ~ 17%, Voc = 37 V, Isc = 8.5 A, MPPT = 30 V/8 A) to power auxiliary loads such as the fuel metering unit, sensors, and control panel. This renewable integration enabled 100% solar contribution for auxiliary components, saving approximately 1.04 kWh/day of grid electricity and achieving an estimated reduction of about 151 kg of CO<inf>2</inf> emissions annually. Four fuel types were evaluated: Diesel, MB100 (pure biodiesel), MB20D80 (20% biodiesel, 80% diesel), and MB5DEE5D90 (5% biodiesel, 5% DEE, 90% diesel). Among these, MB5DEE5D90 demonstrated comparatively improved performance, showing an 8% increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and a 10% reduction in Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) compared with diesel. Emission analysis indicated reductions of approximately 20% in CO and 18% in HC emissions, while life-cycle assessment suggested around 40% lower combustion-phase CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Heat release rate analysis indicated earlier and more efficient combustion behavior. Additionally, LSTM-based predictive modeling showed lower error margins compared with RNN, demonstrating improved prediction accuracy for engine performance parameters.
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Impact of particulate filters on biodiesel and diesel fuel: a comparative study of thermal efficiency and emissions
(2026-06-01)
Suteerapongpun, Teerapat
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Patkacha, Atikan
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Thaeviriyakul, Poonnut
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Phairote, Watanyoo
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Saisirirat, Peerawat
This study investigated the influence of a partial-flow (P-DPF) and a full-flow (F-DPF) diesel particulate filter on the combustion and emissions of a light-duty diesel engine fueled with conventional diesel (B7) and pure biodiesel (B100). The engine was operated on a dynamometer under engine speeds of 1600–2000 rpm at 84–140 Nm loads. The results revealed that while B100 had higher mass-based specific fuel consumption (BSFC) due to its lower energy density, its overall brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was comparable to that of B7, indicating similar energy conversion efficiency. The use of DPFs resulted in a modest efficiency penalty, with brake thermal efficiency decreasing by 0.07% for the P-DPF and 2.62% for the F-DPF. The emissions analysis revealed the trade-offs associated with biodiesel use and DPF integration. While baseline B100 operation produced substantially higher nitric oxide (NO) emissions relative to B7, it consistently generated much lower smoke opacity. When averaged across all three aftertreatment configurations (no DPF, P-DPF, and F-DPF), B100 reduced smoke emissions by approximately 59% compared with B7. Additionally, the P-DPF and F-DPF proved effective at reducing smoke to half and near-zero levels, respectively, for both fuels.
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In-cylinder combustion and emission characteristics of a 3L compression ignition engine using pure biodiesel fuel blended with 5% ethanol
(2026-04-01)
Suteerapongpun, Teerapat
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Huynh, Trung An
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Aung, Sonekhar Jarring
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Thin, Myat Hsu
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Thaeviriyakul, Poonnut
This study investigates the combustion performance, efficiency, and emission characteristics of four fuel blends—B7 (7% biodiesel), B100 (pure biodiesel), B100E5 (95% biodiesel + 5% ethanol), and B100E10 (90% biodiesel + 10% ethanol)—in a light-duty diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on an engine dynamometer under varying loads (84, 112, and 140 Nm) and speeds (1600, 1800, and 2000 rpm) to assess in-cylinder pressure, temperature, engine efficiencies, and emissions. The results demonstrate that the oxygenated B100Es blend achieves superior combustion performance, exhibiting higher peak in-cylinder pressures and temperatures than conventional B7, attributable to enhanced oxygen availability, which promotes more complete fuel oxidation. This translates to an improvement in indicated thermal efficiency despite its lower calorific value relative to B7. B100 demonstrates distinct advantages in mechanical efficiency at higher engine speeds, attributed to its superior lubricity. The study provides quantitative evidence that a strategic blend of biodiesel with ethanol can effectively balance the often-competing objectives of combustion efficiency and emission reduction in modern diesel engines. The average brake thermal efficiencies of B7, B100, B100E5, and B100E10 are approximately 35.8, 36.4, 37.7, and 37.2%, respectively. Additionally, the average smoke intensities of B7, B100, B100E5, and B100E10 are approximately 0.211, 0.075, 0.042, and 0.038%/kW, respectively.
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Technoeconomic analysis of biofuel production from spent coffee grounds using supercritical ethyl acetate
(2026-03-01)
Supang, Wirasinee
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
This study is a techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) using ethyl acetate as an extracting solvent and a reactant through interesterification under supercritical conditions—a process called SCEA. Aspen Plus V12 was employed to simulate the SCEA process compared to the conventional biodiesel production process. Both processes operated at an original feed rate of 24,225 tonnes per year, but the production capacities of the conventional and SCEA processes were 1000 tonnes per year and 1800 tonnes per year, respectively. Because of the simplicity of SCEA, the fixed capital investment costs were lower than those of the conventional process. However, at the original feed rate, neither process was profitable within a project lifetime of 20 years. The production capacity of SCEA was increased to 4 times, 8 times, and 16 times its original size to identify the most effective scale for the production facility. The SCEA process commenced successfully with a production capacity of 7500 tonnes per year, but the payback period of 19.5 years was deemed unsatisfactory. The production capacities of 15,000 tonnes per year and 30,000 tonnes per year provided the payback periods of 7.67 years and 6.08 years, respectively. Nonetheless, the 15,000-ton plant requires 193,798 tonnes SCGs per year as feedstock, which is 12 times the annual coffee production in Thailand. Hence, this project is well-suited for large coffee producers when utilizing SCGs as a singular feedstock. Combining other feedstocks, such as microalgae, non-edible seeds, and waste fruit seeds, with SCGs presents an optional pathway for future research on biodiesel production.
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Influence of ethanol-blended B7-diesel on in-cylinder combustion characteristic, engine thermal efficiency and emission of a 3L-compression ignition engine
(2026-03-01)
Suteerapongpun, Teerapat
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Thaeviriyakul, Poonnut
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Phairote, Watanyoo
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Saisirirat, Peerawat
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Po-ngaen, Watcharin
This study investigated the effects of blending weight ratio of 5% and 10% ethanol (B7E5 and B7E10) with standard B7-diesel on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a light-duty common-rail diesel engine. The engine was tested on a dynamometer across various speeds (1600–2000 rpm) and loads (84 and 112 Nm) to analyze in-cylinder pressure, thermal efficiencies, and exhaust emissions. Results indicated significant emission benefits, especially at high loads. The B7E10 blend reduced smoke intensity by approximately 75% and carbon dioxide emissions by 34% compared to the baseline B7. The performance analysis revealed a critical trade-off associated with the ethanol blends: while the inherent oxygen content in ethanol significantly improved the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) through enhanced combustion, its lower viscosity simultaneously led to increased frictional losses. Consequently, these competing effects resulted in only a modest improvement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and comparable brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) compared to the baseline B7. The primary objective is to identify the benefits and trade-offs associated with ethanol blending in biodiesel-based diesel fuels that are compatible with existing diesel vehicles.
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Biodiesel produced from transesterification of palm oil using NaOH-treated activated carbon and pyrolytic char of used tires as catalysts
(2025-03-01)
Chana, Khulanuttha
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Chen, Bing Hung
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Na-Ranong, Duangkamol
Biodiesel produced from catalyzed transesterification of palm oil with methanol using NaOH-treated carbonaceous catalysts was studied and reported. Particularly, effect of the carbonaceous support, i.e. activated carbon (AC) and pyrolytic char of end-of-life used tire (TPC), on the yield of biodiesel was investigated. The resultant yield of biodiesel near 98.5 % could be attained from transesterification reactions conducted with a catalyst loading at 5 wt% of palm oil initially used, under a molar ratio of methanol/oil at 21/1, at 65°C and 180 min for reaction temperature and time. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction could be fitted satisfactorily with the pseudo first-order model. The Arrhenius behavior was observed from the temperature-dependent rate constants, leading to an activation energy at 111.2 kJ/mol if AC-supporting catalyst was used. Both AC and TPC-supporting catalysts could produce biodiesel with a yield greater than 90 % even after the fourth cycles of catalyzed transesterification reactions. Notably, the feasibility in the upcycling of TPC as catalyst support was demonstrated in this work.
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Modified natural seawater as growth medium for the halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica to increase lipid content for biodiesel production
(2025-02-01)
Thongtha, Sitthichai
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Aryusuk, Kornkanok
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Kittiwongwattana, Chokchai
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Incharoensakdi, Aran
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Phunpruch, Saranya
Biodiesel derived from cyanobacterial oils becomes attractive as an efficient renewable energy. The present study aims to optimize growth and lipid production of the halotolerant unicellular cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica cultivated in natural seawater. In this study A. halophytica was able to grow in natural seawater when supplemented with low concentration of NaNO<inf>3</inf>, whereas no growth occurred without supplementation. The specific growth rate of 0.230 day-1 and cell concentration of 25.17 x 106 cells mL-1 were achieved in A. halophytica cultivated in natural seawater supplemented with 17.6 mM NaNO<inf>3</inf> and Turk Island salt solution (suitable natural seawater; SNSW) for 14 days. This growth rate was comparable to that of cells grown in normal BG11 plus Turk Island salt solution. The lipid content and fatty acid profiles of A. halophytica varied with changes in NaCl concentrations. The highest lipid content of 50.47 % and lipid productivity of 48.33 mg L-1 day-1 were obtained in cultures supplemented with 1.89 mmol C-atom L-1 glucose and 0.75 M NaCl. The optimal medium pH and cultivation temperature for lipid production was 7.5 and 25-35 °C, respectively. When cultivating A. halophytica in optimized SNSW with various NaCl concentrations, the highest contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, and the lowest contents of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were observed with 0.75 M NaCl. In contrast, cultures grown in optimized SNSW with 0.5 M NaCl showed fatty acid methyl ester profiles rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, which are favorable for high-quality biodiesel production.
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Application of Centrifuge Combined with Biodiesel Washing Machine with Biochar in Biodiesel Production
(2025-01-01)
Fonghiransiri, Surasak
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Choola-aied, Orasa
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Limmun, Warunee
This research focused on the application of a centrifuge combined with a biodiesel washing machine with biochar in biodiesel production. This method aims to reduce the amount of biochar used in the washing process to meet biodiesel standards. Therefore, the research aimed to improve the biodiesel production process by using a centrifuge machine combined with the biochar washing method (CB) and comparing it with two methods: gravitational settling combined with water washing (GW) and gravitational settling combined with biochar washing (GB). The results indicated that the CB method could reduce contaminants in biodiesel. Although the biodiesel yield did not differ from the GB method, it remained higher than the GW method, increasing the biodiesel yield by up to 1.19% (90.24%). Furthermore, the CB method was more effective in removing acidity, water content, methanol, and glycerol in biodiesel compared to the GB method, with removal percentages of 63.88%, 79.49%, 99.70%, and 85.19% respectively. Consequently, this led to a decrease in viscosity (3.998 cSt) and density (865.93 kg/m3). This method provides biodiesel properties that meet biodiesel standards.
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Particle emission and thermal efficiency analysis of a diesel vehicle using biodiesel and a platinum metallic partial-flow particulate filter
(2025-01-01)
Dang, Huy Quang
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Phyo, Mi Zwe Mon
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Thaeviriyakul, Poonnut
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Cosh, Plan Teekatasn
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Srilomsak, Mek
Harmful emissions from diesel vehicles, particularly unmodified ones, pose significant concerns for human health and the environment, underscoring the urgency to address these issues. This study investigated the effects of commercial fuels, B10, B20, and biodiesel B100, used with a metallic partial-flow catalyzed diesel particulate filter (P-CDPF), on a light-duty unmodified diesel vehicle's thermal efficiency and emissions characteristics. The initial test was conducted on a chassis dynamometer to measure the fuel flow rates at three different engine speeds, 1500, 2000, and 2500 rpm, with four loads, 84, 112, 140, and 160 Nm. This was done to evaluate brake-specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency under steady-state conditions. The second test followed the new European driving cycle to examine emission factors of regulated pollutants under both urban and highway driving conditions. The results indicated that BSFC values increased with the biodiesel ratio in the blends, attributed to lower heating values. However, higher oxygen contents with increasing biodiesel ratios led to more complete combustion and improved brake thermal efficiency. Installation of a P-CDPF had a minimal impact, resulting in less than a 3.4% increase in the BSFC and a 1% decrease in brake thermal efficiency across all tested fuels, owing to its relatively low pressure drop. Increasing the biodiesel ratio from B10 and B20 to B100 resulted in reductions of up to 32% of particulate mass and 45% of particulate number in vehicle emissions. P-CDPF installation further reduced particulate mass by over 60% and particulate number by 36% across all tested fuels, demonstrating its effectiveness in trapping and passively oxidizing particulate matter. Furthermore, the P-CDPF significantly reduced harmful gases with addition of a catalytic coating. A combination of a P-CDPF and commercial biodiesel fuels emerges as an effective solution for reducing regulated emissions from unmodified diesel vehicles.
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Enhancing biomass, hydrocarbon and biodiesel properties of green microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL through gamma and UV radiation exposure
(2024-12-01)
Jongput, Buppha
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Chiwpreecha, Pattanasak
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Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
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Tongsri, Pajongjit
This study investigated the effects of gamma (137Cs, 0–250 Gy) and UV (UV-C, 0–12 h) radiation on growth and biodiesel properties of Botryococcus braunii KMITL. For gamma radiation, maximum biomass (1.37 ± 0.02 g L−1) was achieved with 50 Gy, while a dose of 200 Gy resulted in the highest hydrocarbon content (51.84 ± 0.20%) and yield (0.66 ± 0.01 g L−1). For UV radiation, a 9 h exposure produced the highest biomass (2.45 ± 0.05 g L−1), hydrocarbon content (55.01 ± 1.22%), and yield (1.35 ± 0.04 g L−1). Algae exposed to gamma radiation within the range of 0–150 Gy exhibited C16:0 as the dominant fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), similar to those exposed to UV radiation, while algae exposed to 200–250 Gy displayed C18:1n9t as the dominant FAME. High levels of gamma and UV radiation were observed to lengthen fatty acid chains and increase unsaturated fatty acids. The cetane values of biodiesel from algae exposed to gamma and UV radiation ranged from 64.55 ± 0.14–66.47 ± 0.20 and 59.43 ± 0.04–65.27 ± 0.22, respectively, all meeting standard criteria. Both gamma and UV radiation also improved the saponification value and cold flow properties of the biodiesel. These findings suggest that controlled levels of gamma and UV radiation effectively enhance hydrocarbon yields with significant implications for biofuel production.

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