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    Application of baby corn husk as a biological sustainable feedstock for the production of cellulase and xylanase by Lentinus squarrosulus Mont.
    (2023-02-01)
    Vichitraka, Asanee
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    Tantratian, Sumate
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    In an effort to use baby corn husk (BCH) as a sustainable feedstock for cellulase and xylanase production by the Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. isolate LS-YA (LSM-LS-YA), a suitable pretreatment method and fermentation strategies were developed. BCH pretreated with 1 M sodium hydroxide for 90 min, an alkaline pretreatment, exemplified an appropriate pretreatment method. In a 10-L external Venturi injector bioreactor, the highest cellulase and xylanase production was 4.12 ± 0.36 unit/mL and 6.15 ± 0.36 unit/mL, respectively, when 1 g/L diammonium hydrogen phosphate was used as the nitrogen source and the aeration rate was controlled at 0.2 vvm. This study provides an informative perspective on the production of cellulase and xylanase from agricultural lignocellulosic materials, which could reduce agricultural waste while supporting a zero-waste circular economy, and this fermentation process would be applicable to larger-scale production.
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    Membrane-based approach for the removal of pigment impurities secreted by Pichia pastoris
    (2023-05-01)
    Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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    Ajariyakhajorn, Kittisak
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    Boonyaratanakornkit, Viroj
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    Sooksai, Sarintip
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    During recombinant protein expression in Pichia pastoris under the alcohol oxidase promoter, the culture supernatant developed green and yellow pigments, complicating downstream processing. Currently, a chromatography-based purification approach is one of the most efficient strategies to eliminate these pigments, but this method is complicated and often the most expensive step during processing. In this study, we designed a sequential cross-flow filtration by the combination of a microfiltration membrane with a pore size of 0.2 micrometers, followed by an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 10 and 2 kilodaltons (kDa), respectively, and finished with diafiltration of the 10 and 2 kDa retentate fractions. The results show that the microfiltration membrane eliminated host cell impurities and significantly reduced the green pigment, which was measured using the 1976 CIE LAB system, while the 10 and 2 kDa membranes allowed the yellow pigment to pass through. The diafiltration steps also significantly reduced the yellow pigment. The host cell proteins were removed by recirculating in the retentate fraction of the 10 kDa membrane, while the 4.1 kDa target peptide, the candidate cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptide, was recovered by recirculation in the retentate fraction of the 2 kDa membrane.
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    Shelf-life extension of Thai green papaya salad dressing by hurdle technology
    (2024-09-01) ;
    Krusong, Warawut
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    ; ;
    Srisawat, Kraisuwit
    Green papaya salad or Som Tum is the most popular spicy mixed salads in Thailand due to its unique rich flavor. Green papaya salad dressing (GPSD) is made from various ingredients such as fresh chili pepper, fresh garlic, rind tamarind, fish sauce and lime oil, including the limitation in controlling the taste and flavor of salad dressing and its poor shelf-life. In this study, a convenient ready-to-eat GPSD was developed. Hurdle technology was applied to extend shelf-life of the GPSD based on monitoring of microbial contamination and food pathogens throughout the process. Hurdle technology able to decrease total plate count (TPC) from 5.6 ± 0.2 to 1 ± 0.3 log CFU/g and yeast and mold (Y&M) from 4.2 ± 0.3 to <1 log CFU/g. After 12 weeks of storage at 5 ± 2 °C, slightly increase of TPC was detected as 1.5 ± 0.2 log CFU/g and no changes were found for Y&M and other pathogens. At week 12, GPSD stored at 32 ± 2 °C was found to have higher TPC and Y&M (3.7 ± 0.3 and 2.4 ± 0.3 log CFU/g, respectively). Therefore, a combination of hurdles that combines low a<inf>w</inf>, low pH, heat treatment, low temperature after hot filling, and chilled storage could extend the shelf-life of GPSD with satisfy sensorial test result and be suitable for minimally processed salad dressing.
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    Enhancing small-scale acetification processes using adsorbed Acetobacter pasteurianus UMCC 2951 on κ-carrageenan-coated luffa sponge
    (2024-01-01) ;
    Krusong, Warawut
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    Samuela, Nialmas
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    Background. This study explored the utilization of luffa sponge (LS) in enhancing acetification processes. LS is known for having high porosity and specific surface area, and can provide a novel means of supporting the growth of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to improve biomass yield and acetification rate, and thereby promote more efficient and sustainable vinegar production. Moreover, the promising potential of LS and luffa sponge coated with κ-carrageenan (LSK) means they may represent effective alternatives for the co-production of industrially valuable bioproducts, for example bacterial cellulose (BC) and acetic acid. Methods. LS and LSK were employed as adsorbents for Acetobacter pasteurianus UMCC 2951 in a submerged semi-continuous acetification process. Experiments were conducted under reciprocal shaking at 1 Hz and a temperature of 32 <sup>◦</sup>C. The performance of the two systems (LS-AAB and LSK-AAB respectively) was evaluated based on cell dry weight (CDW), acetification rate, and BC biofilm formation. Results. The use of LS significantly increased the biomass yield during acetification, achieving a CDW of 3.34 mg/L versus the 0.91 mg/L obtained with planktonic cells. Coating LS with κ-carrageenan further enhanced yield, with a CDW of 4.45 mg/L. Acetification rates were also higher in the LSK-AAB system, reaching 3.33 ± 0.05 g/L d as opposed to 2.45 ± 0.05 g/L d for LS-AAB and 1.13 ± 0.05 g/L d for planktonic cells. Additionally, BC biofilm formation during the second operational cycle was more pronounced in the LSK-AAB system (37.0 ± 3.0 mg/L, as opposed to 25.0 ± 2.0 mg/L in LS-AAB). Conclusions. This study demonstrates that LS significantly improves the efficiency of the acetification process, particularly when enhanced with κ-carrageenan. The increased biomass yield, accelerated acetification, and enhanced BC biofilm formation highlight the potential of the LS-AAB system, and especially the LSK-AAB variant, in sustainable and effective vinegar production. These systems offer a promising approach for small-scale, semi-continuous acetification processes that aligns with eco-friendly practices and caters to specialized market needs. Finally, this innovative method facilitates the dual production of acetic acid and bacterial cellulose, with potential applications in biotechnological fields.
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    The Relationship between Microbial Communities in Coffee Fermentation and Aroma with Metabolite Attributes of Finished Products
    (2024-08-01) ;
    Van Tai, Ngo
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    Charoenrat, Theppanya
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    Young, Briana M.
    Coffee is a critical agricultural commodity and is used to produce premium beverages enjoyed by people worldwide. The microbiome of coffee beans has proven to be an essential tool that improves the flavor profile of coffee by creating aromatic flavor compounds through natural fermentation. This study investigated the natural microbial consortium during the wet process fermentation of coffee onsite in Thailand in order to identify the correlation between microbial diversity and biochemical characteristics including flavor, aroma, and metabolic attributes. Our study found 64 genera of bacteria and 59 genera of yeast/fungi present during the fermentation process. Group of microbes, mainly yeast and lactic acid bacteria, that predominated in the process were significantly correlated with preferable flavor and aroma compounds, including linalyl formate, linalool, cis-isoeugenol, trans-geraniol, and (-)-isopulegol. Some of the detected metabolites were found to be active compounds which could play a role in health.
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    Enhanced high β-carotene yeast cell production by Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 and in vitro digestibility in aquatic animals
    (2024-12-01)
    Thumkasem, Namphet
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    On-mee, Thapanut
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    Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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    Chittapun, Supenya
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    This study assessed Rhodotorula paludigena CM33's growth and β-carotene production in a 22-L bioreactor for potential use as an aquatic animal feed supplement. Optimizing the feed medium's micronutrient concentration for high-cell-density fed-batch cultivation using glucose as the carbon source yielded biomass of 89.84 g/L and β-carotene concentration of 251.64 mg/L. Notably, using sucrose as the carbon source in feed medium outperforms glucose feeds, resulting in a β-carotene concentration of 285.00 mg/L with a similar biomass of 87.78 g/L. In the fed-batch fermentation using Sucrose Feed Medium, R. paludigena CM33 exhibited high biomass production rates (Q<inf>x</inf>) of 0.91 g/L.h and remarkable β-carotene production rates (Q<inf>p</inf>) of 2.97 mg/L.h. In vitro digestibility assays showed that R. paludigena CM33, especially when cultivated using sucrose, enhances protein digestibility affirming its suitability as an aquatic feed supplement. Furthermore, R. paludigena CM33's nutrient-rich profile and probiotic potential make it an attractive option for aquatic nutrition. This research highlights the importance of cost-effective carbon sources in large-scale β-carotene production for aquatic animal nutrition.
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    Valorizing Red Seaweed Spent Biomass into Reducing Sugars for β-Carotene Production by Rhodotorula paludigena
    (2026-05-01)
    Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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    Tangsattayatithan, Chutipol
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    Chittapun, Supenya
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    Phiphatbunyabhorn, Parivat
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    Laemthong, Tunyaboon
    Seaweed bioactive extraction generates de-extracted residual solids that remain carbohydrate-rich but are often underutilized. This study developed an integrated valorization route for Gracilaria fisheri spent biomass to produce fermentable sugars for β-carotene production by Rhodotorula paludigena CM33. Reducing sugar production was optimized using response surface methodology (Box–Behnken design) by varying reaction time, sulfuric acid concentration, and biomass loading at 90 °C. The predicted optimum (47.39 min, 2.50% (w/v) H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, and 7.13% (w/v) biomass) yielded 22.41 g/L reducing sugars and was validated experimentally at 22.22 ± 0.19 g/L, indicating that the model reliably predicted reducing sugar production. The optimized condition was scaled up in a 22 L bioreactor with sequential acid hydrolysis followed by enzyme-assisted hydrolysis, increasing reducing sugars from ~30 to ~40 g/L. FTIR and SEM analyses indicated progressive modification of the carbohydrate matrix across processing stages. Batch cultivation of R. paludigena on the hydrolysate showed that ammonium sulfate supplementation significantly increased biomass, whereas β-carotene titers were not significantly different. Repeated-batch operation on non-supplemented hydrolysate sustained production over four cycles with β-carotene titers of 13.75–17.27 mg/L, demonstrating the operational feasibility of the hydrolysate-based system. Overall, this work demonstrates a practical seaweed biorefinery approach to upgrade G. fisheri spent biomass into sugars and carotenoid-rich yeast biomass.
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    Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 cultivation process development for high β-carotene single cell protein production
    (2023-11-01)
    Thumkasem, Namphet
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    On-mee, Thapanut
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    Chittapun, Supenya
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    Ketudat-Cairns, Mariena
    Rhodotorula yeast has potential in terms of biotechnology for the production of various compounds for the environmental, industrial, and medical sectors. It is well known to generate carotenoid pigments that are beneficially distinguished. This investigation aimed to optimize the growth of Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 and its production of β-carotene. Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize temperature, ammonium sulfate, and ferric chloride concentrations in a 5L-bioreactor batch culture. The optimal conditions of 30 °C, 6.2 g/L of ammonium sulfate, and 75.0 mg/L of ferric chloride provided biomass of 17.71 g/L, a specific growth rate of 0.22 h<sup>−1</sup>, and β-carotene concentration of 40.29 mg/L. Upon scaling up the cultivation process, the 22L-bioreactor displayed similar growth patterns to those of the 5L-bioreactor. However, the 22L-bioreactor exhibited higher product yields in a shorter time period. The maximum biomass production of 18.96 ± 1.31 g/L and the maximum β-carotene production of 42.81 ± 0.61 mg/L were achieved at 28 h. This scaling-up strategy resulted in improved production efficiency. Additionally, the nutritional value of the cells was evaluated, suggesting their potential as animal feed supplements. R. paludigena CM33 demonstrated a β-carotene single-cell protein content, making it a valuable source for aquaculture and livestock feed. These findings highlight the potential of this yeast strain for large-scale production of β-carotene and single-cell protein, offering nutritional benefits for animal feed.
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    Large-scale production of paraprobiotic soy milk in stirred tank bioreactor: A dual-step fermentation approach
    (2024-12-01)
    Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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    Hongphankul, Kant
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    Soontornkitlert, Thanakorn
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    Surarit, Worawat
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    Sutheerawattananonda, Manote
    This study investigates the feasibility of using soy milk as a substrate for cultivating Lactobacillus casei and its subsequent conversion into paraprobiotics. The research focuses on optimizing the fermentation process from shake flasks to bioreactor scale and assessing the antioxidant properties and proximate compositions of the resulting paraprobiotic soy milk beverage. The study highlights a dual-step large-scale fermentation process comprising an anaerobic fermentation step followed by a thermal inactivation step using the in situ temperature control system of the bioreactor. Results indicated that soy milk enriched with 10 g/L glucose and fermented at 37 °C for 24 h on flask scale provided optimal conditions for L. casei growth, achieving a bacterial count increase of 8.80 ± 0.11 log CFU/mL and a titratable acidity of 0.89 ± 0.03 %. These optimal conditions were employed for bioreactor scale fermentation, attaining a bacterial count of 10.02 ± 0.06 log CFU/mL and a titratable acidity of 1.07 ± 0.04 % at 24 h. The thermal inactivation step at 90 °C for 30 min successfully converted the probiotic soy milk into a paraprobiotic form, maintaining its antioxidant activity at 62.12 ± 2.58 % radical scavenging activity. The final paraprobiotic product met the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifications for titratable acidity, presenting a viable alternative for soy-based functional beverages.
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    Enhancing Antimicrobial Peptide Productivity in Pichia pastoris (Muts Strain) by Improving the Fermentation Process Based on Increasing the Volumetric Methanol Consumption Rate
    (2023-03-01)
    Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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    Chittapun, Supenya
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    Piyapittayanun, Chanitchote
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    Boonyaratanakornkit, Viroj
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    Sooksai, Sarintip
    The instability of the protein expression in Pichia pastoris strains has been an issue for various peptide productions. Some modifications to the traditional fermentation process could potentially solve the problem. Here, we consider a four-stage fermentation process to express the CAP2 (cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptide 2) candidate in P. pastoris KM71H, a slow methanol utilization strain. During the fermentation process, CAP2 productivity is limited (6.15 ± 0.21 mg/L·h) by the low overall methanol consumption (approximately 645 g), which is mainly the result of the slow methanol utilization of the P. pastoris KM71H. To overcome this limitation, we increased the cell concentration two-fold prior to the induction stage. A fed-batch process with exponential and dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) stat feeding strategies was deployed to control the glycerol feed, resulting in an increase in cell concentration and enhancement of the volumetric methanol consumption rate. The improved fermentation process increased the overall methanol consumption (approximately 1070 g) and the CAP2 productivity (13.59 ± 0.24 mg/L·h) by 1.66 and 2.21 times, respectively. In addition, the CAP3 (cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptide 3) candidate could also be produced using this improved fermentation process at a high yield of 3.96 ± 0.02 g/L without any further optimization. Note that there was no oxygen limitation during the improved fermentation process operating at high cell density. This could be due to the controlled substrate addition via the DOT stat system.