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    Rapid synthesis of potassium sodium niobate (K 1/2Na 1/ 2NbO3) lead-free piezoelectric powder using the combustion method
    Potassium sodium niobate (K1/<inf>2</inf>Na1/<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>3</inf>) powder was synthesized successfully by the combustion synthesis. The raw materials of KNO<inf>3</inf>, NaNO<inf>3</inf> and Nb<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> were used with glycine as fuel. The thermal behaviour of the precursor was determined using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermo gravimetric (DTG) analysis. The conditions for preparing perovskite phase formation, influence of the fuel-to-oxidizer molar ratio, and crystal structure were characterized by the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphology and particle size were investigated through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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    Superhydrophobilization of SiO2 surface with two alkylsilanes for an application in oil/water separation
    (2018-04-01) ;
    Pasupong, Patchara
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    This study reported a novel approach to superhydrophobilize silica (SiO<inf>2</inf>) surface by silanizing with two alkylsilanes including non-polar short hydrocarbon chains of chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) followed by long hydrocarbon chains of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). The silanization of CTMS prior to OTS affected the increase in the density of short and long alkyl chains throughout SiO<inf>2</inf> surface resulting in the surface with low surface energy and high degree of hierarchical micro-nanoscale roughness which were responsible for the superhydrophobicity. The oil/water separation filters prepared by coating cotton fabric with the CTMS- and OTS-modified SiO<inf>2</inf>/polystyrene (PS) composite using a weight ratio of the modified SiO<inf>2</inf>:PS at 2:1 possessed the highest water contact angles of 156° ± 1°. The superhydrophobic/superoleophilic filters showed excellent water repellent, oil/water separation efficiency, and reusability. The results obtained in this study suggest that salinizing the two different structure alkylsilanes, CTMS followed by OTS, can provide synergetic benefit in improving the superhydrophobicity by enhancing the density of alkyl chains on SiO<inf>2</inf> surface. This alternative strategy can be extensively applied for development of other superhydrophobic materials.
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    Utilization of eggshell as a low-cost precursor for synthesizing calcium niobate ceramic
    (2018-07-18)
    Kamkum, Phonphan
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    ; ;
    Woramongkolchai, Somsak
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    This study investigated the possibility of using calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) from chicken eggshell biowaste as a starting material for synthesizing calcium niobate (CaNb<inf>2</inf>O<inf>6</inf>) powder through the conventional solid-state reaction. Phase formation of calcium niobate was studied as a function of calcination conditions by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The X-ray fluorescence results showed that the chicken eggshell contained more than 96·0% of calcium carbonate by weight. The structural characteristics of the calcium carbonate and calcium niobate powder were quantitatively evaluated by Rietveld refinement method from the XRD data. Rietveld refinement results verified that the eggshell powder exhibited a rhombohedral calcite (calcium carbonate) structure with lattice parameters a = b = 4·9812 ± 0·00059 Å (1Å = 0·1 nm) and c = 17·0342 ± 0·00292 Å with α = γ = 90° and β = 120°. Furthermore, the single phase of calcium niobate corresponded to the orthorhombic structure for space group Pbcn(60) obtained after the calcination process. The non-isothermal kinetic of calcium niobate was investigated by the Ozawa methods. Activated energy calculated using Ozawa methods was 1168 ± 29 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>. Also, there was no significant difference in dielectric properties between calcium niobate ceramic using chicken eggshell waste as a starting material and calcium niobate ceramic using analytical-reagent-grade calcium carbonate. This study showed that calcium carbonate from chicken eggshell biowaste is an alternative starting material for synthesizing microwave dielectric calcium niobate ceramic.
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    Non-isothermal kinetics of the thermal decomposition of sodium oxalate Na2C2O4
    (2012-03-01)
    Chaiyo, Nopsiri
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    Niemcharoen, Surasak
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    The thermal transformation of Na<inf>2</inf>C<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> was studied in N<inf>2</inf> atmosphere using thermo gravimetric (TG) analysis and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Na<inf>2</inf>C<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> and its decomposed product were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The non-isothermal kinetic of the decomposition was studied by the mean of Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods. The activation energies (Eα) of Na<inf>2</inf>C<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> decomposition were found to be consistent. Decreasing Eα at increased decomposition temperature indicated the multi-step nature of the process. The possible conversion function estimated through the Liqing-Donghua method was 'cylindrical symmetry (R <inf>2</inf> or F<inf>1/2</inf>)' of the phase boundary mechanism. Thermodynamic functions (DH*, DG* and DS*), calculated by the Activated complex theory and kinetic parameters, indicated that the decomposition step is a high energy pathway and revealed a very hard mechanism. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2011.
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    A sensitive and selective colorimetric sensor for reduced glutathione detection based on silver triangular nanoplates conjugated with gallic acid
    Silver triangular nanoplates conjugated with gallic acid (AgTNPs⋅GA) was designed and synthesized for colorimetric detection of reduced glutathione (GSH). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of AgTNPs⋅GA were strongly influenced by the addition of GSH. The detection principle was based on the aggregation of AgTNPs⋅GA, which leads to the significant bathochromic shift of the SPR spectra from 602 nm to 650 nm. The dramatic color changes from the initial dark blue to light blue can be observed, which allowed simple monitoring of GSH ether by naked eye and UV–vis spectrophotometer. With UV–vis spectrophotometer measurements, a quantitative linearity was established in the range of 0.5–5.0 nM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9919) and with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.12 ± 0.02 nM. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.46% and 1.82% (n = 10) were achieved for the determination of 1.0 and 3.0 nM, respectively. No interfering substances such as ascorbic acid, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, cysteine, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> were revealed in the AgTNPs⋅GA based assay. The proposed colorimetric strategy could be extended as the general platform for detection of GSH in dietary supplements and no significant differences in accuracy and precision were observed compared to HPLC standard method.
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    Sonochemical synthesis of monodispersed perovskite barium zirconate (BaZrO3) by using an ethanol-water mixed solvent
    (2015-07-01)
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    ; ; ;
    Maensiri, Santi
    Perovskite barium zirconate (BaZrO<inf>3</inf>) was synthesized successfully in an ethanol-water mixed solvent under ultrasonic irradiation. Four compositions, including 0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% by volume of ethanol in ethanol/water mixed solvent, were used. The effect of ethanol content and irradiation time on the phase formation and morphology of product particles was studied and discussed. As a result, a pure perovskite BaZrO<inf>3</inf> phase was formed completely at a short irradiation time of about 15 min in 70% by volume of ethanol without the calcination process. The average particles size decreases and particle size distribution becomes narrower by increasing the percentage of ethanol volume. On the other hand, the monodispersibility of BaZrO<inf>3</inf> particles was improved significantly through ultrasonic irradiation.
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    X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of Cu (2-x)Zn xP2O7 binary pyrophosphates
    (2013-01-01)
    Baitahe, Rattanai
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    Kongmark, Chanapa
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    ; ;
    Binary metal pyrophosphates; Cu<inf>(2-x)</inf>Zn<inf>x</inf>P <inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> (x = 0.0-2.0) compounds, were prepared via the solid solution method. The synthesize powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The local structure of Cu was analyzed by the mean of synchrotron X-ray absorption near the edge structure (XANES). The Cu<sup>2+</sup>-O1, Cu <sup>2+</sup>-O2 and Cu-Cu/Zn distances determined are extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements at the Cu K-edge, with a distance of about 1.52, 2.11, and 2.74 Å. The correlation between the structural changes and Cu content was analyzed and discussed. The analysis of the EXAFS spectra collected at the Cu K-edge indicates that the local structure around Cu atoms also is affected by the introduction of Zn atoms in the structure. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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    Diffusion and conductivity of mixed-conducting Ag/CGO composites
    (2011-10-28) ;
    Atkinson, Alan
    Dense (> 95%) interpenetrating phase composites of silver and gadolinium-doped ceria (CGO) were prepared by silver plus copper oxide (Ag-6 mol% CuO) liquid metal infiltration of porous CGO pre-forms. The composites showed high relative density (above 95%), negligible gas leakage and high electronic conductivity when the volume fraction of silver was approximately 14 vol.% or greater. Oxygen isotopic exchange and depth profiling by secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to determine the oxygen tracer diffusion (D*) and surface exchange coefficient (k*) of the composites. Composites with 14 vol.% silver exhibited similar solid state oxygen diffusivity and thermal expansion to CGO, combined with much faster surface exchange kinetics. These results indicate that such composites are promising for further development as passive oxygen separation membranes. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Facile and eco-friendly fabrication of hierarchical superhydrophobic coating from eggshell biowaste
    (2019-01-01) ;
    Sripako, Kanyapuk
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    Promta, Pongsakorn
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    This study reports a facile and sustainable approach to fabricate superhydrophobic coating from eggshell biowaste. The coating was prepared by ball milling chicken eggshells, composed of hydrophilic calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>), to microsized particles followed by surface hydrophobilizing with stearic acid (C<inf>17</inf>H<inf>35</inf>COOH) to form low surface energy nanosized calcium stearate ((C<inf>17</inf>H<inf>35</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>Ca) through the esterification of hydroxyl groups (-OH) absorbed on a surface of CaCO<inf>3</inf> with carboxyl groups (–COOH) of stearic acid. Then, a layer of modified eggshell particles dispersed in polystyrene (PS) binder was dip-coated on a substrate. A coated surface with water contact angles of 151° ± 1° on glass and 153° ± 1° on cotton fabric substrates was achieved when a 4:1 weight ratio of the modified eggshell:PS was used. The uniform distribution of the modified eggshell particles throughout the coating led to a surface with high degree of hierarchical micro-nanoscale roughness which resulted in superhydrophobicity. The superhydrophobic eggshell coating showed good environmental stability, self-cleaning, and oil/water separation properties. These results suggest that eggshell biowaste can be utilized for superhydrophobic applications.
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    BaZr0.3Ti0.7O3 nanoparticles synthesized by glycine-nitrate autocombustion
    (2013-01-01) ;
    Charoonsuk, Piyanut
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    Kim-Lohsoontorn, Pattaraporn
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    BaZr<inf>0.3</inf>Ti<inf>0.7</inf>O<inf>3</inf> (BZT) nanoparticles were prepared by glycine-nitrate autocombustion method. The effects of synthesis condition and calcination temperature on phase formation and microstructure of the BZT were investigated. XRD and FT-IR study indicated that BZT with cubic perovskite-type structure can be obtained from the synthesis condition using glycine-to-nitrate molar ratio of 2:3 and calcined in air at 1000°C for 4 h. The microstructure examined by SEM and TEM showed that BZT had agglomerate particles consisted of primary spherical nanocrystals with the crystallite sizes of 8-20 nm. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.