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    Cytotoxic and antibacterial depsidones from the endophytic fungus Chaetomium brasiliense isolated from Thai rice
    (2022-01-01)
    Promgool, Trinop
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    Kanokmedhakul, Kwanjai
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    Leewijit, Thianrat
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    ;
    Four new depsidones, mollicellins V-Y (1-4), together with eight known depsidones (5-12) were isolated from the endophytic fungus, Chaetomium brasiliense, detached from stems of Thai rice. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods. Mollicellins X, H, and F (3, 8 and 10) showed potent cytotoxicity against the human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cell line, and mollicellin F (10) also showed a potent cytotoxicity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Besides, mollicellin B (11) exhibited cytotoxicity against the colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell line. Moreover, most of the isolated depsidones displayed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, and several of them showed moderate activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and clinical isolates of S. aureus. In addition, a few of them also showed moderate activity against a Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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    Nanofibers derived from endophytic Chaetomium brasilense for growth stimulation of rice
    (2022-03-01) ; ;
    Thianrat, L.
    Chaetomiumn brasilense PT302 was endophytically isolated from rice var Supanburi 1 and Prathumthani 80 which firstly selected for investigation to promote the growth of rice. It is morphologically and molecular phylogenetic confirmation through ITS1 and ITS4 as Ch.brasilense PT302 compared to Achaetomium strumarium (JX863914) as out group. Crude metabolites (crude hexane, crude ethyl acetate and crude methanol) at 50 ppm from Ch. brasiliense were proved to promote seed germination of rice var. Supanburi 1 and Pathumtani 80 at 7 days which found significantly higher seed germination than the non-treated control. Nanofibers constructed Ch. brasiliense promoted significantly higher seed germination, plant height and number of tillers than the non-treated control in rice var Supanburi 1 and Prathumthani 80 in 7 days at low concentration of 5 ppm planted in Chachengsao and Bangkok soil series. Nanofibers derived from endophytic Ch. brasilense is actively promoted plant growth at lower concentration than crude metabolites. It is firstly reported the natural product nanofiber constructed from endophytic Ch. brasilense to stimulate plant growth.
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    AI-driven precision agriculture in Eurasia-coordinated innovation for belt and road agricultural transformationin
    (2025-11-01)
    Mitrokhin, M.
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    ; ;
    Mitrokhin, E.
    International collaboration in AI based technologies in agriculture is essential factor to increase output and agriculture productivity. AI horizons/ alliance program aimed to increase awareness and accessibility of new agro markets and optimize supply routes in Eurasia. Precision agriculture is commonly used term that enables AI based instruments into practical agriculture works. Precision agriculture in Eurasia is undergoing a transformative wave powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and cross-border innovation. This article examines how AI-driven technologies including agro-drones for aerial crop monitoring, satellite-based NDVI analysis, image recognition for pest and disease detection, advanced weather forecasting models, and decision support systems – are being deployed across Great Eurasia and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries to boost agricultural productivity and sustainability. A particular focus is given to the Eurasian context countries like China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Russia and Thailand are leveraging AI to overcome climate and labor challenges, increase yields, and optimize resource use. The AI Horizons Alliance, a Sber-driven consortium, is highlighted as a coordinating body facilitating the exchange of AI technologies and expertise across borders. Real-world case studies demonstrate tangible benefits, such as up to 20% increases in crop yields, and 30% improvements in efficiency, and significant cost savings, achieved through AI-enabled precision farming. The article discusses the collaborative efforts under BRI frameworks, the integration of traditional knowledge with cutting-edge digital tools, and the role of international organizations in guiding this tech-driven agricultural transformation. Challenges from data sharing to capacity building are considered alongside prospects for broader adoption. The findings underscore that AI-driven precision agriculture, underpinned by coordinated Eurasian partnerships, holds to promise for enhancing food security and sustainable development across the region. It is a part of innovation organic agriculture.
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    Synergistic role of PGPR and fungal isolates in mitigating As and Pb stress and promoting growth of Arachis hypogaea L.
    (2026-01-01)
    Sathya, C.
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    Sridhar, D.
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    ; ;
    Lalitha, S.
    Heavy metals, also known as toxic metals, are major environmental pollutants that adversely impact all forms of life, disturbing soil ecology and reducing agricultural productivity. Certain indigenous microbes possess remarkable tolerance to these metals and play a vital role in restoring contaminated soils. In the present study, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere and evaluated for their metal tolerance potential. Among the bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas alcaliphila PAS1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAS2, Pseudomonas toyotomiensis PTS3, Bacillus subtilis BSS1) expressing resistance to arsenic and lead which observed up to concentrations of 100–1200 ppm on nutrient agar. The fungal isolate Aspergillus japonicus (AJ01) exhibited tolerance up to 200 ppm of Pb and 500 ppm of As. Pot culture experiments were using Arachis hypogaea grown under As and Pb stresses with treatments of PGPR, PGPF, Compost and chemical control. Pseudomonas alcaliphila PAS1 was significantly enhanced plant growth by 100% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAS2 by 60% in contaminated soil, indicating strong tolerance and growth-promoting potential. Pseudomonas alcaliphila PAS1 increased chlorophyll content by 92.3% under As stress as compared to the control, while Pseudomonas toyotomiensis PTS3 showed a 70% increased, demonstrating high metal tolerance. In contrast, As and Pb stressed plants showed adverse effects. These findings highlighted the potential of selected PGPR and fungi as eco-friendly alternatives for the remediation and recovery of heavy metal-contaminated soils in Arachis hypogaea cultivation.
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    Research investigation on microbial technology for plant disease control: a short communication
    (2022-01-01) ;
    Chaetomium spp. are isolated, identified and screened to control plant pathogen isolated in China. Disease interacting pathogens were found in peach diseases which were Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani (twig die back), Fusarium spp (wilt) Phomopsis, Colletotrichum dematium, Colletotrichum gleosporiodes, Phoma, Fusarium, Fusarium, Phomopsis, and Alternaria. The main primary organism caused infection to peach supposing to be Phomopsis and Fusarium destroying roots and vascular bundle, and the pathogens infected above peach tree in stem, twigs and leaves found Colletotrichum dematium, Colletotrichum gleosporiodes, and Alternaria. Bi-culture test between Chaetomium antagonistic fungus and phytopathogens was evaluated to know the control mechanism which tended to give good results. Futher testing bioproduct of Chaetomium had been also tested in tea, peach, grape and old trees with different phytopathogenic isolates and reveiced a good result to control and recovery plants from disease incidence.
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    Harnessing microbial biosurfactant for agricultural applications
    (2024-01-01)
    Eshwarnath, V. S.
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    Thyagarajan, R.
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    Kishorekumar, A.
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    Gopikrishnan, V.
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    Radhakrishnan, M.
    Biosurfactant refers to surface-acting substances that can enhance surface-surface interactions by generating micelles that are derived from natural sources including plants, microorganisms, and animals. Biosurfactants are a structurally diverse group of secondary metabolites with lots of potential to serve mankind. The structural and compositional diversity of biosurfactants is unambiguously substrate-dependent. Microbial surfactants are environment-friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants. Biosurfactants are surface-active agents produced by microorganisms that have higher efficiency and stability, lower toxicity and higher biocompatibility and biodegradability than chemical surfactants. The differences between biosurfactant production can be attributed to the different compositions of the hydrolyzates.
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    Natural product of nano-particles constructed from chaetomium spp. To control rice blast disease caused by magnaporthe oryzae
    (2020-01-01) ; ;
    Kanokmedhakul, Somdej
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    Kanokmedhkul, Kwanjai
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    Nanoparticles containing active compounds derived from Chaetomium cochliodes (CTh05) was tested to control rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae isolate PO1. The causal agent of rice blast on leaves of rice var. RD57 was isolated. M. oryzae and C. cochliodes were identified morphologically and confirmed by molecular phylogenetic. M. oryzae was demonstrated to be pathogenic, causing blast of rice var. RD57. Biculture tests demonstrated that C. cochliodes could suppress the growth of M. oryzae. The crude metabolites of C. cochliodes (CCoH, CCoE and CCoM) at the concentrations of 10-1000 ppm expressed antifungal activity against the M. oryzae, resulting in inhibited spore production in 12 days with effective dose (ED<inf>50</inf>) values of 85, 144 and 374 ppm, respectively. The nanoparticles sizes of nano-CCoH, nano-CCoE and nano-CCoM were ranged between 567-611, `422-566 and 415-472 nm, respectively. Nanoparticles derived from C. cochliodes (nano-CCoH, nano-CCoE and nano-CCoM) at concentrations of 3-15 ppm significantly inhibited M. oryzae in 12 days with ED<inf>50</inf> values of 9, 16 and 33 ppm, respectively. In vivo experiments revealed a reduction of 38% in blast disease after application of nanoparticles constructed from crude extract mixtures from C. cochliodes at 10 ppm for 30 days. Tricyclazole resulted in reduction of blast disease by 29%. Rice blast disease was decreased in 30 days after applying nano-CCoM at the concentration of 7 ppm (60% disease reduction), followed by nanoCCoE and nanoCCoH with disease reduction of 58 and 50% respectively, and tricyclazole resulted in a 56% reduction in rice blast.
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    Fish gut microbiota: a source of novel metabolites – A review article
    (2023-03-01)
    Jisha, K.
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    Gayathri, G.
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    Gopikrishnan, V.
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    Similar to human beings, fish harbor microorganisms in their gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Fishes are diverse groups of gut microbiota, including protists, fungi, yeasts, viruses, bacteria, and archaea. In addition to serving as a barrier against infections, these microbes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of fish play a role in nutrition, physiology, immunity, and life span. All fish have gut microbiota; however, the makeup of these communities varies depending on the fish's life stages, the habitat they live in, their nutrition, the seasons, their trophic level, etc. For both recreational and commercial fisheries, it is crucial to comprehend the bacterial make-up of fish microbiomes. The gut microbiota aids in the development of methods for modifying the gut microbiota of the target fish species to enhance aquaculture quality. These gut microbes are an invaluable, essential source of novel, promising bioactive compounds with significant biological activity. The natural product secondary metabolites from specific strains of Chaetomium spp. may develop to be biomedicine for sustainable protection. This review provides a comprehensive knowledge of the composition of the gut microbiota of fish, their development, changes in the living environment, their modification, and their applications.
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    Soil quality and microbial diversity in relation to the severity of coffee leaf rust disease in Karnataka, India
    (2025-12-01)
    Kummur, Poojashree Nagappa
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    Thangadurai, Devarajan
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    Sangeetha, Jeyabalan
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    Panigatti, Simran
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    Hospet, Ravichandra
    Soil physico-chemical properties significantly influence the quality, growth, productivity, and flavor of coffee. The current study estimates the soil nutritional properties and microbial diversity with the severity of coffee leaf rust disease. A total of twenty-nine localities were surveyed in the major coffee-growing district of Karnataka, mainly Chikkamagaluru, Kodagu, and Hassan, covering the canopies of arabica and robusta coffee plantations. The study on soil quality evaluation determines the sustainability and practices of land management in this region. The physico-chemical properties and microbial diversity of the soil were analyzed. Twenty-nine soil parameters were analyzed using principal component analysis, which accounts for five principal components with eigenvalues>1 explaining 9 % of the total variance. The nine principal components together explain 82.24 % of the total variance. According to K-means clustering, soil analysis can be classified into four clusters. Soil microbial communities primarily control the complex ecosystems of soil, including root-and rhizosphere-associated beneficial microbes, and play a vital role as key components in crop production and sustainable agriculture. The present study revealed that the fertility level of the soil and the diverse taxa of rhizospheric microflora from various soil samples, characterized by an abundant diversity of beneficial microbes, such as Trichoderma sp., Bacillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Furthermore, this work gives insights into the sustainable soil quality and disease management practices that can help farmers to adopt better soil management practices for improving the quality and quantity of coffee production in Karnataka, India.
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    Application of nano-particles derived from chaetomium elatum che01 to control pyricularia oryzae causing rice blast
    (2018-11-01) ;
    Kanokmedhakul, S.
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    Kanokmedhalkul, K.
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    Pyricularia oryzae causing rice blast was isolated and proved for pathogenicity. Chaetomium elatum ChE01 was proved to be antagonized P. oryzae in bi-culture antagonistic test which averaged inhibition of 60.40 % within 15 days. Fungal metabolites from C. elatum ChE01 were extracted and tested to inhibit P. oryzae. Results showed that crude ethyl acetate expressed antifungal activity against P. oryzae which the effective dose <inf>50</inf> (ED <inf>50</inf> ) was 231 ppm., followed by crude methanol and crude hexane which the ED <inf>50</inf> were 460 and 2,122 ppm. respectively. It was shown that nano-CCE gave the highest inhibition P. oryzae which the ED <inf>50</inf> was 8.25 ppm, and followed by nano-CEM and nano-CEH which the ED <inf>50</inf> values were 11.21 and 65.52 ppm, respectively. Further research findings are investigated in pot and field experiments.