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    Mechanoluminescent-energy harvesting bimodal sensors for self-powered communication sensors
    (2025-09-26)
    Hajra, Sugato
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    Panda, Swati
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    Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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    Song, Seongkyu
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    Ryu, Yeonkyeong
    Mechanoluminescence (ML) is the emission of light triggered by mechanical stress. In the meantime, accurate, quantitative force measurement is made possible by piezoelectricity, which transforms mechanical deformation into electrical signals. A deep insight into the mechanical interactions, such as strain-based phenomena, is achieved by integrating ML and piezoelectricity into a single device. In this study, a composite based on ZnS:Cu–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is developed to achieve this dual functionality for ML-based optical responses and piezoelectric-based electrical output. The presence of piezoelectricity in PDMS–ZnS:Cu composites was traced using piezo force microscopy (PFM) imaging. Various mechanical stimuli of pressing, stretching, and bending are applied to evaluate the performance of the device. Under a force of 5 N, the piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) device generates a voltage of 17 V and a current of 70 nA. Additionally, ML and PENG effects are employed for underwater communications. A signal processing technique is further utilized for the classification of voltage signals produced during underwater communications. This self-powered dual-mode sensor has great potential for use in energy harvesting, wearable technology, and battery-free systems, opening the door to more intelligent and responsive user interfaces.
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    Phase Formation, Morphology and Electrical Properties of Lead-Free BNBLT-xBSN Ceramics Synthesized via the Solid-State Combustion Technique
    (2023-01-01)
    Thatawong, Bhoowadol
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    ;
    Rittidech, Aurawan
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    Bongkarn, Theerachai
    Lead-free 1-x(Bi<inf>0.47</inf>Na<inf>0.47</inf>Ba<inf>0.06</inf>)<inf>0.95</inf>La<inf>0.05</inf>TiO<inf>3</inf>-xBa(Sn<inf>0.70</inf>Nb<inf>0.24</inf>)O<inf>3</inf> (BNBLT-xBSN) ceramics with x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 mol.% were synthesized by the solid-state combustion technique with a calcination temperature of 750 °C for 2 h and a sintering temperature of 1150 °C for 2 h. The effect of BSN substitution on the phase formation, microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage properties of the BNBLT ceramics was investigated. With the substitution of BSN, the coexisting rhombohedral (R) and tetragonal (T) phases transformed into coexisting R and cubic (C) phase, verified by Rietveld refinement. The C phase increased with increased BSN content. The average grain size decreased from 1.14 to 0.89 µm when x increased to 0.03 and then increased to 0.96 µm. The measured density and maximum dielectric constant (ε <inf>m</inf>) tended to increase from 5.44 to 5.87 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and 1800 to 1942 when x increased to 0.03, then decreased to 5.25 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and 1501, respectively. The remanent polarization (P <inf>r</inf>) and coercive field (E <inf>c</inf>) decreased when x increased to 0.03. The 0.97BNBLT-0.03BSN ceramic exhibited the lowest energy loss density (W <inf>loss</inf> ∼ 0.10 J/cm<sup>3</sup>) and the highest energy-storage efficiency (η ∼ 77.3%) measured under an electric field of 70 kV/cm.
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    Titanate Nanosheets/Cellulose Composite Showing Improved Crystallinity and Decreased Water Wettability by Gamma-Irradiation
    (2025-11-25)
    Tariwong, Yaowaluk
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Sangtawesin, Tanagorn
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    Seriwattanachai, Chaowaphat
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    Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn
    While molecularly thin nanosheets have been increasingly studied as functional coatings, their use as a hydrophobic and γ-irradiation-tolerant component in biologically derived matrices is to be demonstrated. Herein, simple dip-coating was employed to fabricate titanate nanosheets/cellulose composites, which were subjected to γ-irradiation up to 50 kGy. Their surface chemistry was evaluated by water contact angle (WCA) measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Upon irradiation, the WCA of all samples nonmonotonically increased in three stages from ∼29 to 50° (noncoated) and ∼46 to 80° (composite, optimized at ∼1.2 wt %Ti loading, or 0.2 mg·cm<sup>–2</sup>). The titanium content and the 4+ valence did not change with the dose, suggesting the radiolytic stability. The dual surface modification occurs while cellulose fiber morphology and nanoscale mechanical properties are preserved. The increased WCA at the cellulose-part is explained by the γ-irradiation-induced crystallization according to the increased crystallinity index and improved thermal stability. At the other component, nanosheet coating results in increased surface roughness and diminished water–surface interactions. The latter is deduced from DSC measurements of water evaporation from pristine and 50 kGy-irradiated Cs<inf>0.7</inf>Ti<inf>1.825</inf>O<inf>4</inf>layered crystal-a nanosheet precursor. Our work suggests further exploration of nanosheets with diverse structures and compositions as coatings or fillers, which could find applications in γ-irradiation-sterilized barrier films.
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    Phase Evolution, Microstructure and Electrical Behavior of (Ba0.97Ca0.03)(Ti0.94-x/2Sn0.06-x/2Wx)O3 Ceramics Synthesized via the Solid-State Combustion Technique
    (2022-01-01)
    Udeye, Thanya
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    Onsri, Thanakrit
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    Yotthuan, Surirat
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    This research studied the effect of W<sup>4+</sup> substitution on the phase formation, microstructure and electrical properties of (Ba<inf>0.97</inf>Ca<inf>0.03</inf>)(Ti<inf>0.94-x/2</inf>Sn<inf>0.06-x/2</inf>W<inf>x</inf>)O<inf>3</inf> (BCTSW) ceramics with x = 0, 0.005, 0.010, 0.015 and 0.020 mol%. The BCTSW ceramics were synthesized by the solid-state combustion technique, using glycine as fuel. The powders and green pellets of BCTWS were calcined and sintered at 1100 °C for 4 h and 1400 °C for 2 h, respectively. A pure perovskite phase with coexisting orthorhombic and tetragonal phases were observed for all samples. The content of the tetragonal phase increased when x rose, as verified by the Rietveld refinement procedure. The average grain size and the measured density of the samples tended to decrease from 35 ± 0.56 to 1.9 ± 0.12 µm and 5.59 to 4.88 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively, when x increased. The dielectric behavior of the ceramics strongly degenerated upon W<sup>4+</sup> substitution. The undoped BCTS ceramic showed a well-saturated P-E hysteresis loop. With W<sup>4+</sup> substitution, the samples’ P-E loops became unsaturated and a leakage current was created.
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    Calcium Copper Titanate Particles Based Energy Harvesting and Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
    (2025-05-13)
    Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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    Behera, Swayam Aryam
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    Das, Bhagyashree
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    Hajra, Sugato
    ;
    Panda, Swati
    In this work, calcium copper titanate oxide (CaCu<inf>3</inf>Ti<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>, abbreviated as CCTO) was processed employing a solid-state reaction. The properties of CCTO were thoroughly characterized using various characterization tools. The CCTO particles layer and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) acted as triboelectric layers, forming a contact and separation-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). TENG, based on CCTO/PTFE, delivered an output of 74 V and 6 μA. TENG was utilized to harvest energy through various human activities, effectively charging capacitors, and was further attached to a pillow to monitor sleep. The study also evaluated the photocatalytic performance of CCTO for the degradation of doxycycline, achieving 87% efficiency within 45 minutes under visible light. The reaction pathway was thoroughly investigated, and catalyst reusability was examined. CCTO demonstrates potential as a dual-function material, serving both as a photocatalyst for environmental cleanup and as a triboelectric material for energy harvesting.
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    Cellulose-based fabrics triboelectric nanogenerator: Effect of fabric microstructure on its electrical output
    (2023-01-01)
    Khwanming, Rawiwan
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    ; ;
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    At present, fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been paid attention and developed for self-power generation systems with wearability for E-textiles, especially cotton. However, there are many commercial cellulose-based fabrics with different fiber characteristics and fabric structures that gain possibility to effect on TENG performance and has been underreported. This work presents the fabrication of the textile TENG by using four types of commercial cellulose-based fabrics as friction layer and compare the electrical output efficiency relating their molecular structure, fabric structure and surface morphology characteristics. As shown by the electrical output, though all fabrics can generate electricity for TENG device, nevertheless, the output signal is different because of their different total surface area of the fabric, affecting by different microstructure. The rayon fabric contains the smallest size fiber with highest surface area at the same woven structure. The obtained output voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of ~23 V and ~13 μA are ~1.8 times higher than most studied cotton fabric. This research demonstrated the importance of the microstructure and surface area of the fabrics that significantly affect TENG properties. The investigation in this work will useful and knowledgeable to select fabric materials before improving and using them for energy harvesting devices.
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    Rapid synthesis of potassium sodium niobate (K 1/2Na 1/ 2NbO3) lead-free piezoelectric powder using the combustion method
    Potassium sodium niobate (K1/<inf>2</inf>Na1/<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>3</inf>) powder was synthesized successfully by the combustion synthesis. The raw materials of KNO<inf>3</inf>, NaNO<inf>3</inf> and Nb<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> were used with glycine as fuel. The thermal behaviour of the precursor was determined using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermo gravimetric (DTG) analysis. The conditions for preparing perovskite phase formation, influence of the fuel-to-oxidizer molar ratio, and crystal structure were characterized by the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphology and particle size were investigated through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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    Tailoring charge affinity, dielectric property, and band gap of bacterial cellulose paper by multifunctional Ti2NbO7 nanosheets for improving triboelectric nanogenerator performance
    (2023-02-01)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pharino, Utchawadee
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    Transparent, flexible, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) from nature-derived materials are required for sustainable society development. However, low triboelectricity from natural material is generally observed. Tunable electronic band diagram (EBD) through facile manipulation is one of the efficient methods to promote the TENG output, requiring fundamental, in depth understanding. Herein, we employed the high quality, single crystal-like Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> nanosheets (NSs) with dual dielectric and semiconducting properties as filler for bacterial cellulose (BC)-based TENG. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet—visible (UV—vis) absorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were applied to characterize the long-range structure, microstructure, optical properties, elemental composition, and three-dimensional (3D) distribution of components in the composites. The semi-transparent and flexible 5 vol.% Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs/BC preserved the integrity of cellulose, contained well-dispersed nanosheets, reduced optical band gap (4.20 vs. 5.75 eV for BC), and increased surface roughness. The dielectric permittivity and conductivity increased with nanosheets content. Adding negatively-charged Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs could regulate the charge affinity of BC composite via shifting of Fermi energy over that of Al. It is found that adding 5 vol.% NSs into the BC film improved electrical outputs (~ 36 V and ~ 8.8 µA), which are 2–4 times higher than that of pure BC, even when paired with Al which lies adjacent in triboelectric series. Our work demonstrated the method to enhance BC-based TENG performance through EBD regulation using multifunctional Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    Fabrication of new (Ba0.97Ca0.03)(Zr0.94Sn0.06)O3 ceramics by the combustion technique
    (2016-01-26)
    Mathrmool, Krailas
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    Bongkarn, Theerachai
    In this study, new (Ba<inf>0.97</inf>Ca<inf>0.03</inf>)(Zr<inf>0.94</inf>Sn<inf>0.06</inf>)O<inf>3</inf> BCZS ceramics were synthesized by the combustion technique using glycine as fuel. The powders and ceramics were calcined from 1,000 to 1,200 °C for 2 h and sintered from 1,500 to 1,675 °C for 2 h. A pure perovskite phase was found in the powder calcined at higher than 1,150 °C and the purity phase of the ceramics was detected in all samples. The average particle size and grain size increased approximately from 73 to 103 nm and from 0.51-1.61μm when firing temperatures increased. The calcined powders exhibited tight agglomerates at low calcination temperatures and they changed to loosely bound agglomerates at higher calcination temperatures. The densest ceramics were discovered in the samples sintered at 1,650 °C. The dielectric constant (ε<inf>r</inf>) and loss factor (tan δ) values measured at 100 kHz of this sample were found to be 44 and 0.01, respectively at room temperature.
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    Phase formation and evolution of Cu:Zn partials in binary metal pyrophosphates Cu(2-x)Zn(x)P2O7; X ≈ 1
    (2014-11-20)
    Baitahe, Rattanai
    ;
    Binary metal pyrophosphate powders were prepared by the solid state reaction method and subsequently calcined at 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C in order to study Cu:Zn partial evolution to the final CuZnP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> product. Synchrotron X-ray absorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman, FT-IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used in this investigation. Phase evolution of the reaction products was investigated systemically. The results showed that complicated mixtures contributed to the reaction of synthesis temperature. The reaction comprised 3CuO·2P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>·0.3NH<inf>3</inf>·0.2H<inf>2</inf>O, Cu<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, Zn<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, and Zn<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O intermediates. Decreasing percentage of 3CuO·2P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>·0.3NH<inf>3</inf>·0.2H<inf>2</inf>O intermediates was related directly to an increasing final product. Cu:Zn contents changed in Cu<inf>(2-x)</inf>Zn<inf>(x)</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> in the temperature range of 400-600 °C, when x ≈ 1 clearly was related linearly to the reaction temperature. The final product was confirmed by EXAFS fitting spectra as solid solution between the Cu and Zn atom in the CuZnP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> structure, and it indicated environment around metal atoms.