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    Advances in nanogenerator enabled smart mask-based self-powered health monitoring units
    (2025-11-21)
    Belal, Mohamed A.
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    Panda, Swati
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    Khanapuram, Udaykumar
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    Hajra, Sugato
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    Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
    The detection and analysis of volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath have emerged as promising non-invasive strategies for early disease diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and personalized healthcare. Traditional gas sensing platforms, however, often face limitations including dependency on external power sources, bulky designs, and inadequate sensitivity or selectivity under physiological conditions. This work provides a complete overview of recent improvements in self-powered gas sensors, with a special emphasis on their use in exhaled breath analysis for health monitoring. We begin by discussing the biomedical importance of breath-based diagnostics and the significant challenges associated with traditional sensor technology. Afterward, we investigate the mechanisms of energy harvesting systems such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), which facilitate the self-powered operation without an external energy supply. Innovations in materials, structural design techniques, and integration strategies that improve mechanical flexibility, sensitivity, and gas selectivity are highlighted. We also highlight recent breakthroughs in wearable and portable gas sensing platforms that demonstrate real-time responsiveness and human-interfaced compatibility. Despite significant progress, challenges such as miniaturization, biomarker specificity, signal stability in dynamic environments, and large-scale manufacturability still need to be addressed. Finally, we discuss potential ways to address these barriers, envisioning a future where self-powered gas sensors play a transformative role in point-of-care diagnostics, continuous health monitoring, and smart healthcare ecosystems. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and developers seeking to advance the field of self-powered biomedical sensing technologies.
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    Tribovoltaic effect: Fundamental working mechanism and emerging applications
    (2023-06-01)
    Sriphan, S.
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    The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is currently a promising technology operated by coupling mechanisms between contact electrification and electrostatic induction for efficiently converting mechanical energy into electricity. Broad applications have been demonstrated practically. However, the electrical signal produced from the TENG has a pulsed alternating current output, which needs to be rectified by the circuit from alternating current to direct current (DC) appropriately for powering/storing small electronic systems. This limits utilization by the drawbacks of conversion efficiency, size, and portability. The development of a DC TENG is thus essential. This novel physical phenomenon (DC TENG) emerged just recently, mainly based on Schottky, p-n and liquid-semiconductor junctions, and a multilayered structure junction (i.e. metal/semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor), called the tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG). Pair sliding from two triboelectric materials with different electronic band energies serves as continuous DC with a unique mechanism. The excited carriers (corresponding with the generated outputs) can be enhanced from the tribovoltaic effect through theoretical design, and the concept can be hybridized with other technologies. This provides the potential of in-depth study and practical demonstrations for advanced harvesting and sensing. This review comprehensively presents the origins of triboelectric and tribovoltaic effects, related to fundamental and dynamic TVNG mechanisms in various material systems, and recent progress of the TVNG in designs and applications. Moreover, the challenge and outlook are discussed lastly for the future direction of TVNG development.
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    Flexible and Self-Powered Wearable Sensors for Tremor Monitoring in Parkinson'S Disease: Recent Advances in Materials and Device Architectures
    (2026-01-01)
    Ukasi, Sirinya
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    Hajra, Sugato
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    Kim, Hoe Joon
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    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder where tremor remains one of the most prominent and disabling motor symptoms. Traditional clinical rating scales for disease severity rely on clinician observation and patient self-report, often failing to capture the dynamic and continuous nature of tremors in daily life. This drives the development of objective monitoring technologies, such as wearable sensors, for more accurate evaluation of PD severity. However, many existing systems use rigid materials that lack the mechanical compliance and skin conformability required for stable biointegration. This review summarizes advances in flexible wearable sensors for PD tremor assessment from material innovations to a device engineering perspective, covering inertial measurement units (IMUs), electromyography (EMG), and emerging self-powered systems such as triboelectric (TENG) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG). This review highlightshow functional materials, microstructural design, and device architectures govern sensing mechanisms and performance, with particular emphasis on the transition from rigid components to soft, skin-interfaced technologies. Recent patent activity reflects a shift toward multimodal, wireless, and clinically integrated platforms. Despite progress, challenges remain, including motion artifacts, durability, and limited large-scale clinical validation. Integration of flexible materials, self-powered designs, and AI-driven analytics enables continuous, personalized monitoring, moving closer to real-world clinical deployment and improved patient care.
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    Recent Advances in Zwitterionic Materials and Hydrogels for Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Sensing
    (2025-08-08)
    Manojkumar, Kaliyannan
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    Muthuramalingam, Mukilan
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    Sateesh, Dhara
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    Sundaramoorthy, Arunmetha
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    Srinivasa Babu, P. S.
    The integration of zwitterionic polymers with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has sparked significant interest in the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. Zwitterionic polymers, characterized by their unique molecular structure featuring dual charge configurations, have revolutionized energy harvesting in TENG technology. This review explores recent advancements in the integration of zwitterionic polymers with TENGs, focusing on their applications in self-healing, antibacterial, flexible, and antifreezing scenarios. Despite offering superior properties such as enhanced output voltage and chemical stability, challenges persist in their synthesis complexity and compatibility. Strategies to address these challenges include the development of hybrid material systems and scalable synthesis methods. Overall, this review emphasizes the pivotal role of zwitterionic polymers in propelling the advancement of TENG technology, providing insights into current trends and future prospects.
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    Hybrid piezoelectric-triboelectric nanogenerators for flexible electronics: Recent advances and perspectives
    (2022-09-01)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    For several decades, a focus has been placed on the development of future flexible electronics, including electronic skin, wearable devices, environmental monitoring systems and the Internet of things (IoT) network. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) attracted attention by developing this technology due to its high-performance, facile design/fabrication, light-weight and high flexibility. However, in some cases, the use of pristine triboelectric material for a TENG operation might be insufficient for efficiently driving/sensing small-to-medium electronic systems without modification. Hence, a hybrid strategy between piezoelectric and triboelectric effects from piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) and TENG is proposed. This unique characteristic serves as a combination of polarized charges from the piezoelectricity and surface charges from the triboelectric effect when the hybrid device is subjected to mechanical stress. This provides a higher yield of charge density, which relates to a higher magnitude of output current. Through outstanding performance, the hybrid PENG and TENG can be applied in various fields, especially in flexible electronics technology. Herein, an overview of recent advances for hybrid PENG and TENG development is presented, including basic mechanisms, related theories, coupling effect, performance factors, and potential applications. The final part also discusses the challenges and perspectives for further development and the opportunity for the commercialization of this nanogenerator.
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    Harvesting energy from friction: the revolutionary decade of triboelectric nanogenerators
    (2026-04-01)
    Khanapurarm, Uday Kumar
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    Rani, Gokana Mohana
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    Panda, Swati
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Mistewicz, Krystian
    Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have rapidly developed into a transformative energy harvesting technology, enabling self-powered, sustainable electronic systems. This review offers the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary perspective that connects the physics of triboelectric charge transfer with material innovation, device engineering, and real-world applications. We systematically categorize and measure the triboelectric series across a wide range of materials, including polymers, 2D materials, MOFs, perovskites, cellulose, and biodegradable frameworks, using experimentally validated methods. In addition to traditional approaches, this work highlights emerging strategies such as machine learning-guided material discovery, 3D printing, and advanced structural engineering to improve charge retention, durability, and power output. Unlike existing reviews, it uniquely combines theory and application insights, presents diverse uses from biomedical sensing and environmental monitoring to underwater communication and mechanoluminescence, and outlines a forward-looking plan for sustainable energy harvesting. This comprehensive synthesis serves as an essential resource for researchers and technologists designing next-generation TENGs and multifunctional self-powered devices.
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    Exploring liquid-solid interface based triboelectrification, structures, and applications
    (2024-12-01)
    Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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    Hajra, Sugato
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    Panda, Swati
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    Belal, Mohamed A.
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    Pharino, Utchawadee
    In recent years, there has been a quest to accelerate the search for efficient and sustainable energy harvesting technologies due to challenges from fossil fuel depletion and environmental concerns. There is also a continous demand for autonomous sensing in our growing connected world. The liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator (L-S TENG) has emerged as a viable alternative, notably for generating mechanical energy from water. Despite extensive study into liquid-solid contact electrification techniques, a significant need remains to improve energy harvesting efficiency in L-S TENG systems. This comprehensive analysis delves into recent advances in energy harvesting from water, with a particular emphasis on understanding the interaction dynamics between liquid-solid interfaces when using triboelectric nanogenerators for energy conversion. This review summarizes recent developments in the structural design and applications of liquid-solid triboelectrification, focusing on improving TENG output performance. In addition, new insights are provided on the potential impact and future technical hurdles facing L-S TENG technologies. By offering new insights into current knowledge and future research directions, this review aims to guide progress in the field of L-S TENG energy harvesting.
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    Process-structure-property relationships in low-temperature microwave dielectric ceramics: from glass-assisted sintering to cold sintering for 5G/6G devices
    (2026-12-01)
    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Tang, Ying
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    Fang, Liang
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    With the rapid advancement of wireless communication from 5G to 6G, a pressing need has emerged for microwave dielectric ceramics with excellent performance at reduced processing temperatures, compatible with low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology. This review traces historical milestones and highlights modern design strategies for achieving optimum dielectric constant, ultra-low dielectric loss, and near-zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency. Special emphasis is placed on recent advances in low-temperature densification routes, including sintering aids, intrinsically low-sintering-temperature ceramic families, and novel techniques like the cold sintering process. This review provides a critical analysis of the performance trade-offs inherent to each strategy, addressing the persistent challenges in achieving ultra-low loss. Furthermore, we highlight the paradigm shift toward a holistic, multifunctional design imperative for 6G systems. Finally, the transformative potential of cross-disciplinary approaches, particularly AI-assisted discovery, and computational modeling, is discussed as a key enabler for accelerating the design of next-generation, high-performance, and sustainable LTCC-compatible materials.
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    A Review of Thin-Film Growth, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospects
    (2025-02-01)
    Sakthinathan, Subramanian
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    Meenakshi, Ganesh Abinaya
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    Vinothini, Sivaramakrishnan
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    Yu, Chung Lun
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    Chen, Ching Lung
    This review article’s primary aim is to discuss different thin-film deposition technique methods and their important uses. The histories of thin-film technology, thin-film growth, thin-film classification, and thin-film preparation techniques are also covered in this review article. The preparation and characterization of functional thin films and nanostructured materials, as well as various devices based on these materials and recent developments are also focused on in this review. The properties of the materials and several thin-film deposition techniques are also covered in this article. This review article also discusses the classification and application of thin-film sensors. Furthermore, the formation of thin films and their physical properties are impacted by deposition conditions such as pH, temperature, deposition time, and deposition parameters, which are analyzed. This article discusses how a wide range of potential uses in structural, mechanical, and protective coatings; sensing; energy storage systems; catalysis; optoelectronics; and biomedicine are made possible by the special qualities of thin films and nanostructured materials, including their high surface area to volume ratio, structure, surface charge, anisotropic nature, and tunable functionalities.
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    Synergistic Integration of Nanogenerators and Solar Cells: Advanced Hybrid Structures and Applications
    (2024-06-05)
    Hajra, Sugato
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    Ali, Amanat
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    Panda, Swati
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    Song, Heewoon
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    Rajaitha, P. M.
    The rapid growth of global energy consumption and the increasing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources have urged vast research into harnessing energy from various sources. Among them, the most promising approaches are nanogenerators (NGs) and solar cells (SCs), which independently offer innovative solutions for energy harvesting. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the integration of NGs and SCs, exploring advanced hybrid structures and their diverse applications. First, an overview of the principles and working mechanisms of NGs and SCs is provided for seamless hybrid integrations. Then, various design strategies are discussed, such as piezoelectric and triboelectric NGs with different types of SCs. Finally, a wide range of applications are explored that benefit from the synergistic integration of NGs and SCs, including self-powered electronics, wearable devices, environmental monitoring, and wireless sensor networks. The potential for these hybrid systems is highlighted to address real-world energy needs and contribute to developing sustainable and self-sufficient technologies. In conclusion, this review provides valuable insights into the state-of-the-art developments in NGs and SCs integration, shedding light on advanced hybrid structures and their diverse applications.