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    Optical Properties of CuCdS Thin Film Prepared by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Technique
    (2023-01-01)
    Hankoy, Montree
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    Treetornkeerati, Paramapat
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    Fungfuang, Natasia
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    This study reports on the synthesis and characterizations of copper cadmium sulfide (CuCdS) thin films prepared using the vacuum thermal evaporation technique with copper sulfide and CdS as precursors in a 1:1 molar ratio. The structural properties of the thin films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) which revealed that the main composition of the thin film was CdS with the preferred orientation of the (101) plane. The optical properties were examined using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The photosensitivity of the films was determined using I–V measurements performed with a two-probe technique. The prepared CuCdS thin films have high optical transmittance of 92%.
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    Effect of AlN addition on the reaction sintering of Al2TiO5 composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering
    (2023-01-01) ;
    Atong, Duangduen
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    Endo, Fumio
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    Goto, Takashi
    Fully dense Al<inf>2</inf>TiO<inf>5</inf>–Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>–TiN (ATN) composites were fabricated by reactive sintering using spark plasma sintering at 1400°C for 5 min under 100 MPa in vacuum. An equimolar ratio of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>:TiO<inf>2</inf> was used as the starting powder, while the addition of 0–36 mol% AlN was investigated. The thermodynamic calculation indicates that the initial reaction was that of TiO<inf>2</inf> and AlN, forming TiN and Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, and then the remaining TiO<inf>2</inf> reacted with Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> to produce Al<inf>2</inf>TiO<inf>5</inf>. With the increase in AlN precursor, Al<inf>2</inf>TiO<inf>5</inf> gradually decreased, while Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and TiN increased. The lattice parameters of Al<inf>2</inf>TiO<inf>5</inf> were enlarged with AlN addition, implying the incorporation of N atoms in the Al<inf>2</inf>TiO<inf>5</inf> unit cell. The addition of AlN effectively produced fully densified bodies with small grain size, and microcrack-free, which therefore enhanced the mechanical properties of ATN composites. At 36 mol% AlN addition, the composite shows Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of 16.26 ± 1.61 GPa and 5.20 ± 0.46 MPa.m<sup>1/2</sup>, respectively.
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    Fabrication and characterization of lightweight aggregates with expanded perlite and NPK nutrient incorporation
    (2025-06-01)
    Rungrueng, Panadda
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    Hankoy, Montree
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    Keawprak, Nittaya
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    This study focuses on the development of porous lightweight aggregates incorporated with NPK fertilizer as a sustainable nutrient carrier for agricultural applications. The integration of expanded perlite (EP) as a pore-forming agent enabled the production of lightweight aggregates (EP-LWAs) at lower sintering temperatures (900 °C) while maintaining high porosity and water absorption properties, reducing energy consumption compared to conventional high-temperature ceramic processing. The optimized EP-LWAs exhibited a bulk density of 1.15 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, porosity of 46.09 %, and water absorption of 40.28 %, ensuring enhanced nutrient retention capacity. The fertilizer incorporation process was achieved using a simple vacuum infiltration technique, effectively loading the pellets with 1.2 % nitrogen (N), 2.6 % phosphorus (P), and 1.2 % potassium (K), surpassing typical soil nutrient levels and exhibiting comparable NPK content to organic fertilizers. These results highlight the potential of EP-LWAs as an energy-efficient and eco-friendly planting materials, offering a cost-effective for sustainable agriculture, green roof, and vertical gardening applications.
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    Dry film Holographic grating based on computer-generated mask Lithography
    (2022-01-01)
    Inneam, Chanikan
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    Tipawan Khlayboonme, S.
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    ; ;
    This paper presented an alternative technique for fabricating the dry film holographic grating based on a mask generated by computer simulation and experimental results. The mask was generated by a fringe pattern which is created by the mathematical model of two beams interference with various angles. Computer simulation of the fringe pattern was printed on film, i.e., the holographic grating mask. The mask was attached on dry film and then illuminated by UV light, where the lithography technique was applied. According to the lithography technique, the computer-generated holographic grating mask was transferred to dry film. After fabrication, fringe patterns obtained from the grating were observed. Then, the grating period was analyzed and confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Experimental results show that the method could apply to fabricate the dry film holographic grating.
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    Modification of Al2O3-Based Membranes with Carbon Black for Enhanced Hydrogen Permeation
    (2025-11-01)
    Hankoy, Montree
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    Rodchom, Mana
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    Vichaphund, Supawan
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    Atong, Duangduen
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    Zhang, Jianfeng
    This work presents the development and characterization of alumina–carbon black (ACB) composite membranes for enhanced hydrogen separation performance. A series of membranes containing 0–3.0 wt.% carbon black was fabricated via high-temperature sintering and systematically investigated with respect to their structural, morphological, mechanical, and gas separation properties. The addition of carbon black significantly influenced membrane microstructure, promoting pore network formation, increasing specific surface area, and enhancing gas transport. Gas permeation tests using H<inf>2</inf> and N<inf>2</inf> revealed that all ACB membranes exhibited higher hydrogen permeance than the pure Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> membrane. Notably, the ACB3.0 specimen demonstrated the highest H<inf>2</inf> permeance of 508 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> Pa<sup>−1</sup> at 303 K, which is nearly four times greater than the unmodified membrane. At an elevated temperature (773 K), H<inf>2</inf>/N<inf>2</inf> selectivity improved with increasing carbon black content, with ACB3.0 achieving a maximum selectivity of 3.82, exceeding the theoretical Knudsen value, suggesting a synergistic contribution of Knudsen diffusion and surface diffusion. These results demonstrate that carbon black is a cost-effective and versatile additive for modifying ceramic membranes, offering a promising route for advancing hydrogen purification technologies in industrial applications.
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    Microwave-activated reduced graphene oxide composite with hydrothermally treated corn husk activated carbon as an active electrode for high electrochemical performance in symmetrical carbon-based supercapacitor devices
    (2026-07-01)
    Srakaew, Khattiya
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    Ratchayotee, Pornthip
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    Janorat, Phattharawadee
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    This work applies microwaves for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and waste material corn husk activated carbon composites as active electrode materials for symmetric supercapacitors. The rGO is activated by microwave treatment and corn husk carbon by KOH in processed hydrothermal activation, followed by compositing at various weight ratios. Among all compositions, rGO:H_Corn_C (90:10) is reported with the best properties, with a specific surface area of 314.2 m2/g and a high specific capacitance of 1152 F/g at 0.1 A/g. The optimized composite also delivered increasing energy and power densities of up to 160 Wh/kg and 9.68 × 102 W/kg, respectively, within a 1 V operating window. In an experiment by assembling a symmetric coil cell supercapacitor, the device showed a specific capacitance of 142.23 F/g at 0.1 A/g, cycling stability with 98.8% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles of charge-discharge, and peak energy and power densities of 40.68 Wh/kg and 5.74 × 102 W/kg. Overall, the composite material with a high content of rGO and corn husk-derived activated carbon prepared by the hydrothermal method exhibits high-performance for the material in supercapacitor applications.
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    Reversible thermally stimulated phase transition in amorphous–nanocrystalline β-V2O5 thin films for temperature-sensitive electronics
    (2026-01-01)
    Tipawan Khlayboonme, S.
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    Fungfuang, Natasia
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    V<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> thin films are significant for next-generation temperature-sensitive electronic devices owing to notable phase stability and reversibility. Optimizing phase characteristics toward reversible low-temperature transitions enhances device performance. In this study, thin films of amorphous–nanocrystalline β-V<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> were deposited on glass substrates using the inclined magnetron head in radio-frequency magnetron sputtering under an O<inf>2</inf> reactive gas. The effects of thermal stimulation (heating to 400 °C, followed by cooling) were investigated for an as-deposited film prepared at 7.5 % O<inf>2</inf> and for two annealed films deposited at 7.5 % and 10 % O<inf>2.</inf> The annealed films were annealed at 300 °C before thermal stimulation. The films were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Auger-electron spectroscopy, field-emission electron microscopy, Van der Pauw and Hall effect measurements, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The as-deposited film exhibited insulating behavior, whereas the annealed films at 7.5 % and 10 % O<inf>2</inf> demonstrated n-type and p-type conductivities, respectively, accompanied by decreased intensity of the V LMM Auger peak. Before thermal stimulation, the as-deposited film was highly amorphous, whereas the annealed films comprised the β-monoclinic phase. Thermal stimulation caused mixed β-monoclinic and β-tetragonal symmetries for all films and induced significant changes in surface morphology, except for the annealed film at 7.5 % O<inf>2</inf>. Variations in carrier density and bandgap energy indicated that thermal energy promoted oxygen vacancies but reduced vanadium vacancies in the film structure. In situ XRD analysis demonstrated the phase stability and reversible formation of the nanocrystalline β-monoclinic phase, revealing potential for thermally responsive applications requiring repeatable phase behavior.
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    Effects of substrate rotational speed and phase transition on β-V2O5 for temperature-sensitive thin films
    (2025-12-01)
    Fungfuang, Natasia
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    The phase stability and reversibility of V<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> are crucial for smart, contactless optical thermal sensors. Controlling phase characteristics optimizes device performance, particularly by achieving lower phase-transition temperatures with reversible properties. This study examines the effects of substrate rotational speed on the phase content and homogeneity of V<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> thin films deposited via radiofrequency magnetron sputtering using an inclined magnetron head and an O<inf>2</inf>-reactive process. Characterized using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Hall effect measurements, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, the films exhibited a mixture of β-monoclinic and β-tetragonal phases. Increasing the substrate rotational speed from 0 to 40 rpm increased the film thickness from 125 to 220 nm but reduced the crystallite size from 16.8 to 7.9 nm for the β-monoclinic phase. The direct bandgap energy decreased from 3.582 to 2.56 eV, and the electron density decreased from 2.92 × 10<sup>18</sup> to 5.2 × 10<sup>17</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, suggesting suppressed depletion of vanadyl oxygen in the film structure. Optical analysis revealed that the dispersive energy for the β-monoclinic phase increased from 24.7 to 30.3 eV as the rotational speed increased—attributed to stronger polarization due to lattice vibrations. The responses of the annealed and as-deposited films to thermally induced stimuli were investigated. During cooling to 100 °C, the β-tetragonal phase content continued to increase, whereas the β-monoclinic phase content decreased and appeared to revert to levels observed before heating. This result revealed a reversible β-monoclinic phase transformation during cooling, indicating the potential of amorphous β-monoclinic V<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> films for chromic and temperature-sensitive sensors with repeatable performance.
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    Utilization coal-bottom ash and sludge from wastewater for fabricating porous ceramic PM filter: properties and filtering performance
    (2025-12-01)
    Prasertsin, W.
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    Rodchom, M.
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    Atong, D.
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    Vichaphund, S.
    In this work, coal-bottom ash and sludge from wastewater obtained from local plant in Thailand were used as raw materials to fabricate porous ceramic materials using extrusion method for particulate matter (PM) filtration. The influence of the sludge addition (0–40 wt%) and sintering temperature (1000–1200 °C) on physical and mechanical properties of porous ceramic materials was investigated. The addition of sludge led to a decrease in the bulk density of BA-(10–40 wt%) SL ceramic samples sintered at all sintering temperatures due to high level of porosity generated from the gas evolving inside ceramic samples. The maximum bulk density of BA-(10–40 wt%) SL samples, ranging from 1.22 to 1.97 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, was obtained at 1150 °C. The porous BA-SL ceramic filters containing 20–40 wt% sludge and sintered at 1150 °C exhibited high open porosity (> 50%) while maintaining good mechanical strength (1.20–2.31 MPa). Additionally, these filters primarily featured small pore sizes between 5 and 30 μm, making them suitable for micron-level filtration and, consequently, effective for PM filtration applications. The BA-(20–40 wt%) SL ceramic filters achieved over 95% efficiency for PM<inf>2.5</inf> and PM<inf>10</inf>, with an acceptable pressure drop < 700 Pa. Among the tested samples, the BA-SL20 filter, which had a high porosity of 50.60% with interconnected pores within the ceramic structure, an average pore size of 15.23 μm, and a compressive strength of 2.31 MPa, exhibited the highest removal efficiency of 99.48% for PM<inf>2.5</inf> and 99.29% for PM<inf>10</inf> at a pressure drop of 622 Pa. These results suggest that coal bottom ash and sludge from industrial waste can be effectively utilized as alternative raw materials for producing ceramic filters for PM removal applications.
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    A STUDY ON SiC SUSCEPTOR CONFIGURATION FOR MICROWAVE HYBRID HEATING
    (2023-01-01)
    Ngamkiatpaisan, Akawat
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    Hankoy, Montree
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    Keawprak, Nittaya
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    Microwave hybrid heating (MHH) is a novel method to enhance ceramic sintering at high temperatures. The heating mechanism by MHH involves two directions of heat transfer for materials: microwaves heat the sample from the inside out, while the susceptor provides conventional heating from the outside. This unique heating mechanism offers several advantages, including uniform heating, rapid sintering, and enhanced microstructure and properties of materials. This study investigates the configuration of silicon carbide (SiC) susceptors for microwave hybrid heating. The microwave oven (multi-mode, 2.45 GHz, 1.2 kW) was modified with a ceramic insulator housing to maintain the temperature in the chamber. The effects of different configurations of SiC susceptors and microwave powers on the heating rate and maximum temperature were investigated. SiC susceptor plates were placed in the microwave oven using 3 different configurations, and for each condition, the microwave power was varied at 40, 60, 80, and 100% (480, 720, 960, and 1,200 W). The temperature in the microwave chamber was recorded until it reached 900°C or after 30 min of heating. Using two plates of SiC susceptor at 100 % power resulted in the highest heating rate of 62°C/min to reach 925°C. The results of this study offer guidance for the selection of appropriate heating conditions for individual ceramic materials, which can lead to more effective sintering processes.