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    Influence of geographical and genetic variation on GABA content in Annona muricata grown in Thailand
    (2020-12-08)
    Deewatthanawong, R.
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    Tontiworachai, B.
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    Kongchinda, P.
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    Chanapan, S.
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    Sriwilaiwan, S.
    Annona is a genus of tropical fruit trees in the family Annonaceae. Fruit pulp of Annona muricata contained the highest amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) among Annona species. GABA content results from many factors including genetic makeup and environment. Influences of genetic variation and geographical environment on GABA content in fruit pulp of A. muricata were determined. To study genetic variation, sequences of ITS2 and psbA-trnH were used to construct phylogenetic trees. Young leaves of A. muricata were collected from different geographical locations including Chumphon, Trang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Buriram, Nong Khai, Udon Thani, and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces in Thailand. Sequences of ITS2 and psbA-tmH were aligned and data sets were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. ITS2 sequence variations were observed within and among samples from different locations. A. muricata fruit harvested from eight provinces, namely Chumpon, Trang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Buriram, Nong Khai, Udon Thani, and Prachuap Khiri Khan contained 19.75, 35.02, 32.91, 28.18, 42.37, 32.17, 65.02, and 31.58 mg 100 g-1 FW GABA, respectively. Findings indicated that both geographical environment and genetic variation had significant effects on GABA content in A. muricata fruit.
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    The effect of auxins on root production and stemona alkaloid accumulation in Stemona curtisii Hook.f. in vitro culture
    (2023-02-01) ;
    Saenpakdee, S.
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    Deewatthanawong, R.
    The herb Stemona curtisii Hook.f. has insecticidal properties. Its roots contain a specific group of stemona alkaloids. This study evaluated the effect of auxins on root production and stemona alkaloid accumulation in roots of S. curtisii. In vitro shoots were cultured on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with various types of auxins as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg L-1 for 2 months. Results showed that auxins enhanced both fresh and dry root yields and also improved alkaloid contents compared to non-treated roots. Adding 0.6 mg L-1 IBA achieved highest root yield at 19.50% and stemocurtisinol content at 23.831×10-6 mg g-1 DW, while the highest total alkaloids and stemocurtisine contents were found in 0.8 mg L-1 IBA treatment at 186.976×10-3 mg g-1 DW and 340.142×10-6 mg g-1 DW, respectively.
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    Effect of ethyl methanesulfonate on growth and morphology of Doritis pulcherrima Lindl.
    (2026-01-01)
    Supreeworakij, S.
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    Results showed that 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA promoted the greatest seedling growth, with increased leaf number, leaf length, plant height, and root development. In the third experiment, protocorm-like bodies were treated with EMS at 0, 0.5, and 1.0% for 60 or 90 minutes. Survival declined with increasing concentration and time, with LD₅₀ values of 0.82% at 60 minutes and 0.54% at 90 minutes. Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids were not significantly affected, but stomatal size changed. Stomatal width and length increased under 1.0% EMS, while density decreased from 220.17 to 149.47 stomata/mm². EMS treatment for 90 minutes showed an increased density relative to 60 min. RAPD analysis using 10 primers revealed high polymorphism indicating EMS induced genetic variation. Cluster analysis divided 22 samples into 9 groups at a similarity coefficient of 0.89, confirming genetic diversity despite no visible morphological changes.
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    Development of transient expression system for gene functional analysis in Setaria viridis
    (2022-04-01)
    Deewatthanawong, R.
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    Kamoltham, M.
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    An efficient transient expression system to enable functional gene analysis was developed in Setaria viridis, a new C4 model plant. A promoter deletion analysis of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was used to demonstrate the protoplast transient expression system mediated by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Protoplasts were isolated from young leaves of S. viridis. A series of promoter deletion fragments ranging in size from 243 to 859 bp were fused to firefly luciferase and co-transfected with Renilla luciferase. Luciferase levels were used to determine promoter activities based on the ratio of firefly/Renilla to normal cell number and transfection efficiency. Luciferase activities of the longer PEPC promoter constructs exhibited higher promoter activities. Results revealed potential uses of the protoplast transient expression system for promoter analysis in S. viridis.
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    Production of F1 Papilionanthe hookeriana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. homozygous and heterozygous: Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of flower colors and self and cross-pollination ability between different flower colors
    (2023-11-01)
    Tontiworachai, B.
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    Deewatthanawong, R.
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    Intasam, N.
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    Buamas, S.
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    Promvai, S.
    Results showed that seed germination of Papilionanthe hookeriana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. was not significantly different between self-pollination treatments, while the percentage of selfpollination ability and seedling numbers were significantly different at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively. Pink and purple flowers had the highest self-pollination ability at 100% and the highest numbers of seedlings (1,295) for self-pollination of pink flowers. Percentages of crosspollination ability, pod size and weight, and seed weight were not significantly different between treatments, while percentages of seed germination and seedling numbers were significantly different at the 0.01 level. The PixPu hybrid showed 100% seed germination, whereas the PixWh hybrid yielded the highest number of seedlings (403.2). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was used to study the genetic relations between various flower colors of P. hookeriana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. and the F1 hybrids of self- and cross-pollinated plants were classified into two clusters by UPGMA methods.
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    Preharvest Salicylic Acid Application Enhances Pigments, Antioxidants, and Secondary Metabolites in Cannabis sativa L.
    (2026-03-01) ;
    Tebdoie, Chachpon
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    Kongchinda, Papitchaya
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    Singhavorachai, Pornjarus
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    Tontiworachai, Borworn
    Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signaling molecule regulating secondary metabolism and stress responses in plants, but its preharvest role as a low-cost elicitor in cannabis remains underexplored. This study evaluated the effects of preharvest foliar SA application at different concentrations and application intervals on pigments, antioxidants, and cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. leaves and inflorescences. In leaves, moderate SA (0.1 M) significantly enhanced total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity (%DPPH inhibition), while higher concentrations suppressed these responses, reflecting a regulated metabolic trade-off rather than irreversible tissue damage. A significant interaction between SA concentration and preharvest time was observed for chlorophyll a (p < 0.01), whereas chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were not significantly influenced by the interaction. In inflorescences, short-term application of 0.1 M SA (1 h preharvest) maximized phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and pigment accumulation, whereas the untreated controls showed the lowest levels. Cannabinoids exhibited distinct responses: Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC), total tetrahydrocannabinol (Total THC), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) peaked at 0.1 M SA applied 1 h preharvest, while cannabidiol (CBD) was less concentration-dependent, with maximum accumulation observed at 1.0 M SA applied 24 h preharvest. Preharvest SA elicitation strongly modulated cannabis secondary metabolism. Short-term application of moderate SA promoted total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant, pigment, and THC-group cannabinoid accumulation, while CBD displayed broader tolerance to concentration and application timing. These findings highlighted the potential of SA as a preharvest elicitor to improve cannabis phytochemical quality.
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    Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro seedling growth of Papilionanthe hookeriana (Rchb.f.) Schltr.
    (2023-02-01) ;
    Charoensrimuang, S.
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    Deewatthanawong, R.
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    Montri, W.
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    The effect of plant growth regulators on the in vitro seedling growth of Papilionanthe hookeriana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. was evaluated. The protocorms were cultured in VW media supplemented with combinations of indole acetic acid (IAA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) at the concentrations of 0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. The 2 leaf stage seedlings were cultured on VW media supplemented with cytokinins; 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin: K), benzyladenine (BA) and TDZ or auxins; IAA, indole-3-butyric-acid (IBA), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at the concentrations of 0, 2 and 4 mg L<sup>-1</sup> for 2 months. The results found that combinations of IAA and TDZ had higher protocorm fresh weight when compared with control. Adding with 0.1 and 0.2 mg L<sup>-1</sup> IAA alone were promoted protocorm fresh weight. On the other hand, combinations of 0.1 mg L<sup>-1</sup> IAA and 0.2 mg L<sup>-1</sup> TDZ also improved the fresh weight number. The combinations of TDZ and IAA treatments were achieved for the number of 1<sup>st</sup> stage protocorm. For 2 leaf stage seedling culture, treated with cytokinins was not significantly different in shoot length, seedling fresh weight and leaf number. However, cytokinins suppressed root number compared to untreated. The maximum root numbers at 4.21 roots were found in free cytokinins medium. Seedling fresh weight and leaf numbers were significantly increased when increased the concentration of auxins. Our results indicated that auxins and cytokinins played an instrumental role for P. hookeriana seedling growth.
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    Effect of calcium phosphate on growth, pigment and secondary compound accumulation in Cannabis sativa L. callus
    (2026-05-01)
    Tebdoie, C.
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    Thipphaaut, T.
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    Deewatthanawong, R.
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    Kongchinda, P.
    ;
    Singhavorachai, P.
    The application of calcium phosphate in the form of tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) on cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) callus cultures for 7 days significantly increased fresh and dry weights at concentrations ranging from 800 to 2000 mg/L, with no statistical differences between concentrations. However, higher calcium phosphate concentrations led to reductions in pigments and DPPH radical scavenging activity. By contrast, callus cultures treated with 800 and 1600 mg/L showed enhanced total phenolic content and carotenoids, while total flavonoid content increased proportionally. These findings suggested that calcium phosphate concentration influenced the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in cannabis callus cultures.
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    Non-destructive measurement of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) using near-infrared spectroscopy
    (2023-11-01)
    Deewatthanawong, R.
    ;
    Kongchinda, P.
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    Chanapan, S.
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    Tontiworachai, B.
    ;
    Sakkhamduang, C.
    Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are cannabinoids which produced by cannabis plants and major compounds found in cannabis products. A predictive method for non-destructive quantification of THC and CBD using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) technology is developed. The prediction model for THC estimation had coefficient of determination (R-squared) and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) values of 0.9994 and 0.1926, respectively. The correlation between THC values of HPLC measurement and NIR prediction showed a correlation coefficient of 0.9078. For CBD prediction, the R-squared and RMSEC values of CBD equation were 0.9995 and 0.0006, respectively. The predicted and measured concentrations of CBD showed good correlation with a regression correlation of 0.9413. The test indicated NIR could be a promising alternative method for THC and CBD evaluation.
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    Efficient, Green, and Low-Cost Conversion of Bivalve-Shell Wastes to Value-Added Calcium Lactate
    (2023-08-01) ;
    Seangarun, Chaowared
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    Phutphat, Sudjai
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    This work presents the efficient, green, and low-cost preparation of calcium lactate by using bivalve-shell wastes (cockle, mussel, and oyster shells) as raw materials. Three bivalve shells, a cockle, mussel, and oyster, were used separately as an alternative calcium-source material for the preparation of calcium lactate. The bivalve-shell waste was cleaned and milled, obtaining calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powder, which reacted to the lactic acid, forming calcium lactate. The effects of different calcium sources (cockle, mussel, and oyster) and different lactic acid concentrations (6, 8, and 10 mol/L) on the physicochemical properties of the synthesized calcium lactates were then investigated. The results pointed out that the highest solubility of the product was observed when 6 mol/L lactic acid and cockle-shell derived CaCO<inf>3</inf> were employed for the calcium lactate preparation. The thermal decompositions of all calcium lactates occurred in three processes: dehydration, ethyl-lactate elimination, and decarbonization, respectively. The results, obtained from an infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, thermogravimetric analyzer, and scanning electron microscope, confirmed the formation of calcium lactate pentahydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>CHOHCOO)<inf>2</inf>·5H<inf>2</inf>O). The diffractograms also indicated the presence of two enantiomers of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>CHOHCOO)<inf>2</inf>·5H<inf>2</inf>O, namely, of dl- and l-enantiomers, which depended on the lactic acid concentration used in the preparation process. The morphologies of calcium lactates show the firewood-like crystals in different microsizes, together with smaller irregular crystals. In summary, this work reports an effective process to prepare the valuable calcium lactates by using the cheap bivalve-shell-derived CaCO<inf>3</inf> as a renewable calcium source.