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    Hybrid Posi cast - based PID - PDA Control Using System Identification for Continuous Tunnel Kilns
    (2026-06-30) ;
    Sungsorn, Teenapong
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    Trisuwannawat, Thanit
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    This paper proposes a hybrid Posicast-based proportional-integral-derivative with proportional-derivative-acceleration (PID-PDA) controller for temperature regulation in delay-dominant continuous tunnel kilns. The controller is developed based on a system-identified second-order-plus-dead-time (SOPDT) model derived from industrial data and implemented in discrete time for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). A unified framework enables comparison with a standard PLC-based proportional-integral (PI) controller, an internal model control (IMC)-tuned PI controller, and a Smith Predictor-PI controller under identical conditions. Simulation results demonstrate faster response, negligible overshoot, and reduced tracking error, with improved settling time and lower, integral of absolute error (IAE), integral of squared error (ISE), and integral of time-weighted absolute error (ITAE), while maintaining comparable control effort. Robustness analysis confirms stable performance under plant perturbations, with IAE variations within approximately ± 10 (servo) and ± 1 (disturbance). The controller is validated on an Allen-Bradley PLC in a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)-based heating system. Experimental results show improved steady-state performance, including reduced bias, lower mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE), reduced oscillation amplitude, and compliance within the ± 1 temperature band. The proposed approach provides a practical, robust, and high-performance solution for upgrading existing PLC-based systems without hardware modifications.
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    Analysis and Comparison of Characteristics for Offline PD Measurements in Turbo-Generators at Different Test Time Intervals
    (2022-01-01)
    Dorkmai, K.
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    Tattiwong, K.
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    Maneerot, S.
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    Partial discharge (PD) measurement is widely used for the condition assessment of high voltage equipments. It is a tool to detect the localized discharges occurring in the weakness point sites, which causes deterioration that can lead to failure. Hence, it is essential to diagnose the PD behavior to prevent the consequent failure which maybe takes place. This paper presents an analysis of the offline PD measurements performed on the stator winding insulation system of three turbo-generators which consist of a hydrogen-cooled generator rate of 211.75 MVA, 15.75 kV, and two air-to-water heat-cooled generators which the same rate of 50.8 MVA, 11.5 kV, which were located in the power plant. Firstly, the offline PD measurements of these generators have been energized to the star point side and the high voltage coupling capacitor is installed on the high voltage terminal side, according to IEC 60034-27-1. Additionally, the test voltages were applied to the test object with a step voltage profile. To analyze the PD behaviors of the stator winding insulation, the PD characteristics such as the PD pulses, PD magnitude, and phase-resolved PD (PRPD) patterns were monitored and recorded. Besides, the effect of applied test voltage-time, i.e., 1, 3, and 5 minutes, on such characteristics were reported and compared. Finally, the PD behavior of the stator winding insulation of these generators showed clearly different results for PD measured at different recording times. The highly fluctuating PD magnitude and PD pulse shape at the initial duration of the measurement, and then gradually decreases to convergence to a stable charge magnitude as the test-time increases.
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    Experience in Partial Discharge Investigation of a 155 MVA Air-Cooled Generator
    (2024-01-01)
    Pathanrat, Khomsan
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    Chumpiboon, Komin
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    Jeenmuang, Siwakorn
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    Worthong, Tehneht
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    This paper presents the Partial Discharge (PD) and Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) investigation for a 155 MVA air-cooled generator. The visual inspection of the stator winding insulation was carried out during the annual preventive maintenance. Several defects in the area of the end winding stator were evidenced. Thereafter, the refurbishment of these problems was performed to improve the stator winding insulation condition, and the offline PD & PDC test was conducted accordingly. Besides, the online PD was continuously monitored, through capacitive PD sensors which have been installed on the terminal of the generator two units per phase. The operating conditions during online PD measurement were also recorded. In this paper, the results from both offline and online PD measurements were presented.
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    The Study of Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurements on Service-Aged 22 kV XLPE Underground Cables with Presence of Water Trees
    (2022-01-01)
    Udomluksananon, P.
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    Maneerot, S.
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    This paper represents the condition assessment of service-aged 22 kV XLPE insulated underground cables. From the investigation, the water trees were detected in the insulation layer. The visual inspection of underground cables reveals the presence of copper carbonate contaminated on the copper tape layer. Some underground cables have the discontinuity of the copper tape layer. To evaluate the insulation condition of the underground cables, the polarization and depolarization current (PDC) measurements were performed on both the service-aged and the new (or unused) cables. The underground cables to experiment with the length of insulation screen equal to 1 m were prepared. In this research, the PDC measurements were performed on different aspects, i.e., the testing voltages (600 V, 800 V, and 1000 V), the testing positions, the effect of the discontinuity of the copper tape layer which occurred during service, the influence of the presence of copper carbonate, and the influence of water trees in XLPE cables. The dielectric response of the underground cables by using polarization and depolarization current measurements can diagnose the problems in service-aged underground cables, but this paper needs more test data for accurate interpretation.
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    Effect of Rapping Frequency and Intensity in Electrostatic Precipitator Efficiency
    (2023-01-01)
    Banthoengjai, Thanpilin
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    ; ;
    Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is one of air pollution control equipment which widely use in biomass power plant. There is a rapping system in ESP use for removing ash from collecting plate (CP) and discharge electrode (DE). Rapping frequency and intensity of rappers effect the efficiency of ESP because they relate to dust quantity in ESP. Dust layer at CP, which has $108\ \Omega\mathrm{m}$ of resistivity, can cause back corona. Back corona can cause spark in dust layer. To prevent back corona, ESP should operate at lower voltage. Therefore, ESP efficiency is also lower. A chance of ash accumulation is depended on ion charged in dust particle. Rapping cause re-entrainment of dust particle which is uncharged. Re-entrainment dust particle increase uncharged dust in charging area. Therefore, charging process require more ion to charge more dust particle but generating more ion can cause spark over in ESP. There is the appropriate rapping frequency and intensity of rapping due to ESP condition. To study the effect of rapping system in ESP, the experiment was set in 9 cases. The rapping system in the experiment was set as different round trip time (RTT), which determine the rapping frequency, and lifting distance, which determine the intensity. There are 3 different RTT, 2, 3, and 4 minutes, and 3 lifting distance, 8, 10, and 12 inches. Total suspended particulate (TSP) was measured by EPA Method 5 and analyzed by Isokinetic and Gravimetric method to compare the efficiency of ESP in each case. Changing in rapping frequency and intensity of rapping system affect TSP. In case which lifting distance is 8 and 10 inches, TSP tend to decrease when rapping frequency was decreased, means higher efficiency of ESP. On the other hand, TSP tend to increase when rapping frequency was decreased in case of lifting distance is 12 inches. The lowest TSP was the case with 4 minutes RTT and 8 inches lifting distance. From the experiment, there is an appropriate value of rapping frequency and intensity of rapping system. Setting rapping system improve ESP efficiency.
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    AC Breakdown Characteristics of Different Moisture Content Pressboards Impregnated with Natural Ester
    (2021-04-01) ;
    Kittikhuntharadol, Yannaphol
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    Biodegradable materials are necessary for saving the environment. Natural ester is alternative liquid insulation that can be biodegraded and used in a transformer. Insulation system in a transformer, liquid insulation cooperates with solid insulation such as cellulose. Pressboard is the main kind of cellulose used in the transformers. Normally, the characteristics of solid insulation can be investigated and analyzed by diverse methods. This paper represents the study of AC breakdown voltage of non-impregnation, 8-hours, and 16-hours impregnated pressboard with natural ester with different moisture content. To vary the moisture content of the pressboards, they were heated at 100 degrees Celsius for 12 hours and 24 -hours in a vacuum oven. After that, the Coulometric Karl Fischer method was used to determine the moisture content. Before impregnation, the natural ester was heated at 100 degrees Celsius for 12-hours in another vacuum oven. To investigate AC breakdown voltage, electrode configuration and test circuit were set-ups according to IEC 60243-1. From the test result, higher' moisture content caused clearly lower AC breakdown voltage of the pressboards.
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    Alternative of high voltage multipliers utilizing Cockcroft–Walton multiplier blocks for 220 V and 50 Hz input
    (2020-12-01)
    Jaiwanglok, Anurak
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    Eguchi, Kei
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    In order to be practical for converting 220 V and 50 Hz AC input into high DC output ranged between 3.5 and 4.0 kV to create underwater shockwaves in non-thermal technique for processing foods, this article presents an alternative approach for modifying conventional high voltage multipliers without magnetic elements, which are based on the use of parallel-connected Cockcroft–Walton multiplier blocks (CWMBs) in bipolar structure. The basic three-stage CWMB scheme as well as the effect of different capacitor values on its output is described. The modified high voltage multiplier with improved response speed consists of a full-wave rectifier (FWR), a two-phase driver block, a parallel-connected positive CWMB, and a parallel-connected negative CWMB. Both output voltage and power efficiency of the proposed scheme can be demonstrated by theoretical analysis results. Moreover, simulation results showing the characteristics of the proposed high voltage multiplier are also included.
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    The Experiment of Partial Discharge for Cast Resin Transformer
    (2024-01-01)
    Aiamrungruang, Phitthaya
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    Dorkmai, Kritsada
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    Maneerot, Sakda
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    Jeenmuang, Siwakorn
    Dry-type cast resin transformers, utilizing epoxy resin insulation instead of traditional liquid insulation like mineral oil, are designed to prioritize safety, avoid fire hazards, be environmentally compatible, and endure short circuits well. Limitations of dry-type transformers are the installation area by which it should be dry, free from dust, excessive moisture, fertilizers, chemicals, and other corrosive fumes or fumes. This paper investigates the Partial Discharge (PD) phenomena occurring on a 12 kV dry-type transformer surface using HighFrequency Current Transformers (HFCT) with 100 kHz -20 MHz bandwidth as a PD detection device. The simulated PD sources were made from the conductive wire. Moreover, the scheme of winding connections in the dry-type transformer related to cross-talk phenomena between transformer coils is also reported. The recorded Phase-resolved PD (PRPD) and the PD Inception Voltage (PDIV) have been summarized and compared, as described in this paper.
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    Online PD Measurement by Detecting the Pulsed Compensating Current in High Voltage Equipment
    (2022-01-01)
    Srinangyam, Chissanupong
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    Nimsanong, Phethai
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    Chuayin, Chaitawat
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    Thungsook, Kittisak
    This paper discusses the pulsed compensating current caused by partial discharge (PD) phenomena that flows inside the electrical equipment installed in the power system. Such electrical equipment like to be the capacitive coupler in the partial discharge test circuit. In order to study the pulsed compensating current of the PD measurement, artificial PD source such as corona, surface, and internal was used in this experiment. The electrical equipment like surge arrester combined with HFCT sensor utilized to detect the PD pulse current. Furthermore, this proposed technique has been applied for online PD measurement in substations. It was found that the surge arrester could compensate for the pulse current arising from the PD source. This study will be helpful information for online PD measurement.
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    The Verification of HF Signal Transmission via Grounding System for Online PD Measurement
    (2022-01-01)
    Srinangyam, Chissanupong
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    Thungsook, Kittisak
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    Nimsanong, Phethai
    This paper discusses signal transmission in the grounding system. During online partial discharge (PD) measurement for the high voltage (HV) apparatus, various PD pulse currents recharge the dielectric of HV apparatus when a PD occurs. One of the noise typologies that affects PD patterns is called the cross-talk, that is, discharges that appear in the measured point due to coupling from another point. In order to study the cross-talk signal, the two PD measuring circuits which are circuit no.1 and circuit no.2, on the same grounding system in the HV laboratory were performed. The distance between two PD measuring circuits is about 20 meters. The artificial PD models were utilized to generate the PD signal injecting to the test circuit no.1, while the cross-talk signals were investigated in circuit no.2. The HFCT sensors were used to measure the PD signal in circuit 1 and the cross-talk signal in circuit 2. The measurement results found that the cross-talk signal transmission in grounding systems provides a bipolar PRPD pattern, and the pulse waveform shows an oscillation shape. Moreover, onsite PD measurements of the generator steam turbine were studied. It is noticeable that the knowledge about cross-talk phenomena in grounding systems can help the PD verification and location for online PD measurement.