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    Improvement of the Electrical Performance of Outdoor Porcelain Insulators by Utilization of a Novel Nano-TiO2 Coating for Application in Railway Electrification Systems
    (2023-01-01)
    Muangpratoom, Pichai
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    Khonchaiyaphum, Issaraporn
    ;
    The present study aimed to develop the electrical performance of outdoor insulators using a nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating for railway electrification systems. The prototype design of porcelain insulators with normal coatings and using a nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating is based on IEC 60815-1. The first test was performed to measure the low-frequency flashover AC voltage under both dry and wet conditions. In addition, the other test was conducted to measure the lightning impulse critical-flashover voltage at positive and negative polarity under dry-normal and wet-contaminated conditions. X-ray diffraction (X-RD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the micro surface and show that the nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating was adhered to the surface of the outdoor porcelain insulator and exists in an amorphous state. Additionally, it was observed and discovered that scattered nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> strengthens the glassy matrix and creates a sturdy barrier that causes flashover voltage to be reduced under conditions of high dielectric strength. Nanostructured ceramic formulations outperform ordinary porcelain in terms of breakdown voltage strength, particularly for the insulators’ low-frequency flashover performances under dry and wet test conditions. However, a significant change in the lightning impulse critical-flashover voltage characteristics is observed and is not much better when adding the nano-TiO<inf>2</inf> coating to the porcelain insulators.
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    Synergistic Enhancement of Mechanical and Dielectric Properties in BaTiO3/PDMS Composites for Flexible Energy Harvesting Devices
    (2026-01-01)
    Rerngroen, Nakulkarn
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    Sasipongpan, Apinya
    ;
    This study presents the fabrication, characterization, and performance evaluation of flexible piezoelectric composites based on polydimethylsiloxane embedded with varying volume fractions (0–25 vol%) of barium titanate nanoparticles. The composites were prepared via a conventional casting method and systematically analyzed to investigate the synergistic enhancement of their mechanical, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the retention of the crystalline BaTiO<inf>3</inf> phase and its uniform dispersion within the PDMS matrix, with some agglomeration observed at higher filler loadings. Mechanical testing revealed that the 20 vol% BaTiO<inf>3</inf> composite exhibited optimal tensile strength and flexibility. Dielectric measurements showed significant increase in the dielectric constant with increasing BaTiO<inf>3</inf> content, with the 25 vol% composite achieving a 100% enhancement compared to pure PDMS. Theoretical modeling was employed to compare experimental results with established effective medium theories. Under cyclic compression, the composites demonstrated a progressive increase in output voltage, reaching up to ~426 V at 25 vol% BaTiO<inf>3</inf>, surpassing performance reported in previous studies. Additionally, the incorporation of carbon nanotubes further enhanced dielectric efficiency and mechanical stretchability, although a slight reduction in piezoelectric output was observed. These results underscore the potential of BaTiO<inf>3</inf>/PDMS nanocomposites, with and without CNTs, for next-generation flexible energy harvesting devices.
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    Tailoring charge affinity, dielectric property, and band gap of bacterial cellulose paper by multifunctional Ti2NbO7 nanosheets for improving triboelectric nanogenerator performance
    (2023-02-01)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pharino, Utchawadee
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    Transparent, flexible, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) from nature-derived materials are required for sustainable society development. However, low triboelectricity from natural material is generally observed. Tunable electronic band diagram (EBD) through facile manipulation is one of the efficient methods to promote the TENG output, requiring fundamental, in depth understanding. Herein, we employed the high quality, single crystal-like Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> nanosheets (NSs) with dual dielectric and semiconducting properties as filler for bacterial cellulose (BC)-based TENG. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet—visible (UV—vis) absorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were applied to characterize the long-range structure, microstructure, optical properties, elemental composition, and three-dimensional (3D) distribution of components in the composites. The semi-transparent and flexible 5 vol.% Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs/BC preserved the integrity of cellulose, contained well-dispersed nanosheets, reduced optical band gap (4.20 vs. 5.75 eV for BC), and increased surface roughness. The dielectric permittivity and conductivity increased with nanosheets content. Adding negatively-charged Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs could regulate the charge affinity of BC composite via shifting of Fermi energy over that of Al. It is found that adding 5 vol.% NSs into the BC film improved electrical outputs (~ 36 V and ~ 8.8 µA), which are 2–4 times higher than that of pure BC, even when paired with Al which lies adjacent in triboelectric series. Our work demonstrated the method to enhance BC-based TENG performance through EBD regulation using multifunctional Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    Electrical conductivity, magnetism, and optical properties of reduced BaCeO 3
    (2019-03-01)
    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    ; ;
    Kolodiazhnyi, Taras
    BaCeO <inf>3</inf> -based perovskites are well-known proton and oxygen ion conductors. For practical applications as electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells, these compounds must be robust towards reduction of cerium ion. In this work, we explore the effect of reducing atmosphere on the physical properties of undoped and Nb-doped BaCeO <inf>3</inf> . The BaCeO <inf>3</inf> perovskite structure is thermodynamically stable at least up to 1450 <sup>∘</sup> C upon annealing in H <inf>2</inf> -containing atmosphere. Annealing at 1550 <sup>∘</sup> C causes a decomposition of the BaCeO <inf>3</inf> . The higher annealing temperature leads to higher concentration of Ce <sup>3 +</sup> ions and a higher electrical conductivity. With increasing the annealing temperature from 1300 to 1450 <sup>∘</sup> C , the activation energy of conductivity decreases from E <inf>a</inf> = 0.31–0.263 eV. We attribute the electrical conductivity in reduced BaCeO <inf>3</inf> to the activation of the small polaron hopping in agreement with the recent first-principles calculations. However, in contrast to the theoretical predictions, we find no evidence of the Ce <sup>3 +</sup> –Ce <sup>3 +</sup> spin-singlet small bipolarons.
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    Electrical and dielectric properties of barium titanate–polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite with 0-3 connectivity modified with carbon nanotube (CNT)
    (2019-01-02)
    Nawanil, Chanisa
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    Makcharoen, Worawut
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    Khaosa-Ard, Krittanat
    ;
    ;
    This study explored the preparation and electrical properties of 0–3 barium titanate/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites by dispersing barium titanate nanoparticles (BaTiO<inf>3</inf>; BT) into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix phase. The effect of barium titanate nanoparticles on electrical properties has been investigated systematically, and the relative permittivity of nanocomposites was found to increase significantly with increasing barium titanate content. Different theoretical models were used to predict the dielectric constant of these composites and compare their experimental value with the theoretical value in order to find an appropriate equation. The result indicated that the dielectric properties of composites are influenced not only by relative permittivity of the components but also dependence on interactions between ceramics and polymers. Furthermore, the preparation and dielectric properties of BT/PDMS nanocomposites modified with carbon nanotube (CNT) were also studied. The dielectric results demonstrate that adding CNT can enhance the relative permittivity of the BT/PDMS composite via improvement of dispersion and distribution of the BT nanoparticles in the PDMS matrix phase. Moreover, the electrical outputs from the BT/PDMS/CNT nanocomposites generator were measured under periodic knocking. The nanocomposites innovatively expand the feasibility of self-powered energy systems for smart sensor and energy harvesting applications.
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    Utilization of eggshell as a low-cost precursor for synthesizing calcium niobate ceramic
    (2018-07-18)
    Kamkum, Phonphan
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    ; ;
    Woramongkolchai, Somsak
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    This study investigated the possibility of using calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) from chicken eggshell biowaste as a starting material for synthesizing calcium niobate (CaNb<inf>2</inf>O<inf>6</inf>) powder through the conventional solid-state reaction. Phase formation of calcium niobate was studied as a function of calcination conditions by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The X-ray fluorescence results showed that the chicken eggshell contained more than 96·0% of calcium carbonate by weight. The structural characteristics of the calcium carbonate and calcium niobate powder were quantitatively evaluated by Rietveld refinement method from the XRD data. Rietveld refinement results verified that the eggshell powder exhibited a rhombohedral calcite (calcium carbonate) structure with lattice parameters a = b = 4·9812 ± 0·00059 Å (1Å = 0·1 nm) and c = 17·0342 ± 0·00292 Å with α = γ = 90° and β = 120°. Furthermore, the single phase of calcium niobate corresponded to the orthorhombic structure for space group Pbcn(60) obtained after the calcination process. The non-isothermal kinetic of calcium niobate was investigated by the Ozawa methods. Activated energy calculated using Ozawa methods was 1168 ± 29 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>. Also, there was no significant difference in dielectric properties between calcium niobate ceramic using chicken eggshell waste as a starting material and calcium niobate ceramic using analytical-reagent-grade calcium carbonate. This study showed that calcium carbonate from chicken eggshell biowaste is an alternative starting material for synthesizing microwave dielectric calcium niobate ceramic.
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    AC Conductivity and dielectric properties of lepidocrocite-type alkali titanate tunable by interlayer cation and intralayer metal
    (2020-11-02)
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    ;
    The lepidocrocite-type layered alkali titanate AxMyTi2-yO4 has diverse chemical compositions with variation in charge per formula unit x, the interlayer cation A+, and the intralayer metal M. Despite this multivariable nature, the composition dependence of physical properties is not well explored. We report herein the AC conductivity and the complementary dielectric properties of Cs0.7M0.35Ti1.65O4, K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4 (M = Zn, Ni), and the mixed-interlayer ion Cs0.6K0.1Zn0.35Ti1.65O4. For Cs0.7Zn0.35Ti1.65O4, the total AC conductivity is ~7 × 10-8 to 2 × 10-6 S·cm-1 at 200-350 °C, associating with an activation energy Ea ∼865 meV. Meanwhile, the conductivity of K0.8Zn0.4Ti1.6O4 is higher by 1 order of magnitude at much lower temperature (25-150 °C) and a smaller Ea ∼250 meV. This difference originates from the compositional robustness of the cesium-containing samples, contrasting with the sintering-induced changes in the potassium analogues. For the latter, the loss of the interlayer K+ ion results in (i) generation of carriers due to charge compensation, (ii) reduction of sheet charge density and weakening of electrostatic attraction, and (iii) widening of the interlayer distance, all contributing to a lower Ea in K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4. The angular frequency dependence of conductivity, dielectric permittivity (up to a colossal value of 109), and dielectric loss follows the universal power law. Our work demonstrates the potential of simple compositional variation for electrical properties tuning, prompting a more in-depth investigation covering a wider range of possible candidates of x, A+, and M in lepidocrocite titanate.
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    Towards the preparation of organic ferroelectric composites: fabrication of a gamma-glycine-bacterial cellulose composite via cold sintering process
    (2023-07-01)
    Noisak, Jitrawan
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Pinpru, Nattapong
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    The cold sintering process (CSP) has emerged as a revolutionary technique for low-temperature processing of ceramics and composites, enabling high-density fabrication at low temperatures. In this study, we demonstrated the implementation of CSP in fabricating the γ-glycine (γ-G)-bacterial cellulose (BC) composite and evaluated the effect of sintering temperature and holding time on the microstructure and electrical properties. Our findings revealed that an increase in sintering temperature and holding time leads to grain growth, as the transient solvent (water) facilitates the closely-packed microstructure. Moreover, the addition of BC as a filler into the γ-G matrix leads to a composite with a 10% increase in hardness when BC was uniformly distributed in γ-G. The composite with a relative density of 97% was successfully obtained at 120 °C/24 h, preserving the γ polymorph of glycine without the unwanted transformation commonly observed with traditional sintering. We also reported the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the γ-G-BC composite, exhibiting a remanent polarization of 0.004 μC/cm<sup>2</sup> and a coercive field of 1.201 kV/cm. Our findings suggest that CSP is a promising approach for low-temperature processing and fabrication of ceramics, especially when incorporating structurally sensitive filler such as organic ferroelectric, to achieve high-performance composites.
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    An architected silk fibroin-lignin multilayer with deep-level trapping states for high-output triboelectric nanogenerators
    (2026-03-01)
    Suktep, Natdanai
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    Sae-tang, Chanachot
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    Ukasi, Sirinya
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    ;
    Supansomboon, Supitcha
    Biopolymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) are promising power sources for sustainable and flexible electronics, but their performance is often limited by severe charge recombination at the triboelectric interface. To overcome this critical bottleneck, we report an architected multilayer B-TENG featuring a silk fibroin (SF)/MgAl LDH composite as the charge-generating layer and, to our knowledge, for the first time, a lignin-functionalized SF film as a dedicated charge-trapping layer. The strategic incorporation of lignin, an abundant and sustainable biopolymer, introduces deep-level electronic trapping states originating from its abundant aromatic moieties. That effectively suppresses interfacial charge recombination and prolongs charge lifetime. By optimizing the contents of MgAl LDH and lignin, the device achieves a measured open circuit output voltage ( V <inf> OC </inf>) and current density ( J <inf> SC </inf>) of 96 V and 6.56 μA/cm<sup>3</sup>, with a maximum output power ( P <inf> max </inf>) of 205 μW, corresponding to a power density of 22.7 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>. We also propose a mechanistic linking of deep-level traps to prolonged charge lifetime and increased net transferable charge. The interface-engineering strategy demonstrated here paves the way for developing high-performance and sustainable biopolymer-based TENGs and motion sensors.
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    Direct synthesis and growth mechanism of metal molybdate (AMoO4; A = Ca and Ba) fine particles via the mechanochemical method
    (2017-08-01)
    Janbua, Wanwisa
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    Bongkarn, Theerachai
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    Metal molybdate (AMoO<inf>4</inf>; Ca and Ba) fine particles were synthesized successfully in a simple way using the mechanochemical method under ambient conditions, without surfactants or any capping agents. The effect of milling time on phase formation and morphology was investigated. The functional group and phase formation analyses were carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. XRD revealed that all samples were of a pure tetragonal scheelite structure. FT-IR and Raman analysis exhibited a Mo-O stretching peak of molecular [MoO<inf>4</inf>]<sup>2-</sup>, which related to the scheelite structure. Difference in growth mechanism and morphology was observed significantly in CaMoO<inf>4</inf> and BaMoO<inf>4</inf> particles. The primary CaMoO<inf>4</inf> nanocrystalline was formed in its initial state at 80–100 nm, and tended to aggregate into a peach-like shaped morphology with increasing milling time, while a space shuttle-like morphology formed directly via an oriented attachment mechanism for the BaMoO<inf>4</inf> particle. A possible mechanism for the formation of metal molybdate, with a different milling time, was discussed in detail. It is interesting that this work was able to present a simple way of synthesizing complex oxide materials on a large scale.