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    Titanate Nanosheets/Cellulose Composite Showing Improved Crystallinity and Decreased Water Wettability by Gamma-Irradiation
    (2025-11-25)
    Tariwong, Yaowaluk
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Sangtawesin, Tanagorn
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    Seriwattanachai, Chaowaphat
    ;
    Kanjanaboos, Pongsakorn
    While molecularly thin nanosheets have been increasingly studied as functional coatings, their use as a hydrophobic and γ-irradiation-tolerant component in biologically derived matrices is to be demonstrated. Herein, simple dip-coating was employed to fabricate titanate nanosheets/cellulose composites, which were subjected to γ-irradiation up to 50 kGy. Their surface chemistry was evaluated by water contact angle (WCA) measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Upon irradiation, the WCA of all samples nonmonotonically increased in three stages from ∼29 to 50° (noncoated) and ∼46 to 80° (composite, optimized at ∼1.2 wt %Ti loading, or 0.2 mg·cm<sup>–2</sup>). The titanium content and the 4+ valence did not change with the dose, suggesting the radiolytic stability. The dual surface modification occurs while cellulose fiber morphology and nanoscale mechanical properties are preserved. The increased WCA at the cellulose-part is explained by the γ-irradiation-induced crystallization according to the increased crystallinity index and improved thermal stability. At the other component, nanosheet coating results in increased surface roughness and diminished water–surface interactions. The latter is deduced from DSC measurements of water evaporation from pristine and 50 kGy-irradiated Cs<inf>0.7</inf>Ti<inf>1.825</inf>O<inf>4</inf>layered crystal-a nanosheet precursor. Our work suggests further exploration of nanosheets with diverse structures and compositions as coatings or fillers, which could find applications in γ-irradiation-sterilized barrier films.
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    Tailoring charge affinity, dielectric property, and band gap of bacterial cellulose paper by multifunctional Ti2NbO7 nanosheets for improving triboelectric nanogenerator performance
    (2023-02-01)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pharino, Utchawadee
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    Transparent, flexible, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) from nature-derived materials are required for sustainable society development. However, low triboelectricity from natural material is generally observed. Tunable electronic band diagram (EBD) through facile manipulation is one of the efficient methods to promote the TENG output, requiring fundamental, in depth understanding. Herein, we employed the high quality, single crystal-like Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> nanosheets (NSs) with dual dielectric and semiconducting properties as filler for bacterial cellulose (BC)-based TENG. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet—visible (UV—vis) absorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were applied to characterize the long-range structure, microstructure, optical properties, elemental composition, and three-dimensional (3D) distribution of components in the composites. The semi-transparent and flexible 5 vol.% Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs/BC preserved the integrity of cellulose, contained well-dispersed nanosheets, reduced optical band gap (4.20 vs. 5.75 eV for BC), and increased surface roughness. The dielectric permittivity and conductivity increased with nanosheets content. Adding negatively-charged Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs could regulate the charge affinity of BC composite via shifting of Fermi energy over that of Al. It is found that adding 5 vol.% NSs into the BC film improved electrical outputs (~ 36 V and ~ 8.8 µA), which are 2–4 times higher than that of pure BC, even when paired with Al which lies adjacent in triboelectric series. Our work demonstrated the method to enhance BC-based TENG performance through EBD regulation using multifunctional Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    AC Conductivity and dielectric properties of lepidocrocite-type alkali titanate tunable by interlayer cation and intralayer metal
    (2020-11-02)
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    ;
    The lepidocrocite-type layered alkali titanate AxMyTi2-yO4 has diverse chemical compositions with variation in charge per formula unit x, the interlayer cation A+, and the intralayer metal M. Despite this multivariable nature, the composition dependence of physical properties is not well explored. We report herein the AC conductivity and the complementary dielectric properties of Cs0.7M0.35Ti1.65O4, K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4 (M = Zn, Ni), and the mixed-interlayer ion Cs0.6K0.1Zn0.35Ti1.65O4. For Cs0.7Zn0.35Ti1.65O4, the total AC conductivity is ~7 × 10-8 to 2 × 10-6 S·cm-1 at 200-350 °C, associating with an activation energy Ea ∼865 meV. Meanwhile, the conductivity of K0.8Zn0.4Ti1.6O4 is higher by 1 order of magnitude at much lower temperature (25-150 °C) and a smaller Ea ∼250 meV. This difference originates from the compositional robustness of the cesium-containing samples, contrasting with the sintering-induced changes in the potassium analogues. For the latter, the loss of the interlayer K+ ion results in (i) generation of carriers due to charge compensation, (ii) reduction of sheet charge density and weakening of electrostatic attraction, and (iii) widening of the interlayer distance, all contributing to a lower Ea in K0.8M0.4Ti1.6O4. The angular frequency dependence of conductivity, dielectric permittivity (up to a colossal value of 109), and dielectric loss follows the universal power law. Our work demonstrates the potential of simple compositional variation for electrical properties tuning, prompting a more in-depth investigation covering a wider range of possible candidates of x, A+, and M in lepidocrocite titanate.
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    The apparent PTCR effect in layered alkali titanates - A correlation between temperature dependent electrical properties and thermal analyses
    (2024-12-01)
    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Chaithaweep, Kanokwan
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    ;
    Adsorbed water promotes proton conduction in ceramics at ambient conditions prior to its evaporation, apparently leading to the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) effect. Using surface water-containing Cs<inf>2</inf>Ti<inf>6</inf>O<inf>13</inf> (1.8 mol water/mol titanate) as an example, the static conductivity (at 50 °C) of ∼10<sup>−5</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup> is one thousand times that at 200 °C due to the enhanced proton conduction. At 50–150 °C, the conductivity decreases by 4 orders of magnitude because water evaporation decreases the number of charge carriers. At 150–400 °C, the conduction in water-free Cs<inf>2</inf>Ti<inf>6</inf>O<inf>13</inf> is thermal-activated with the apparent activation energy E<inf>a</inf> ∼58–72 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, depending on the formalisms. We show clearly that an endothermic DSC peak (water evaporation) in Cs<inf>2</inf>Ti<inf>6</inf>O<inf>13</inf> coincides with all eight presentations of AC properties examined. Similar correlations are obtained from the TG/DTG curves in Cs<inf>2</inf>Ti<inf>5</inf>O<inf>11</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O containing mostly intercalated water. The correlation between thermal analyses and AC properties points out that water molecules essentially contribute to the charge transport at ambient conditions of layered alkali titanates. This scenario might be potentially extended to other humidity-sensitive ceramics.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Structural, optical, and electrical properties of cellulose/titanate nanosheets composite with enhanced protection against gamma irradiation
    (2023-10-01) ;
    Kwamman, Tanagorn
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    ;
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a promising functional filler in nanocomposites due to their unique anisotropy and resilience to harsh conditions. We report herein the use of Ti<inf>0.91</inf>O<inf>2</inf> nanosheets as a protective component against γ-irradiation to cellulose paper. The titanate nanosheets were prepared via a sequence of solid-state synthesis of lepidocrocite-type Cs<inf>0.7</inf>Ti<inf>1.825</inf>O<inf>4</inf>, proton exchange to H<inf>0.7</inf>Ti<inf>1.825</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, and exfoliation with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The nanosheets were incorporated into the commercial cellulose filter paper by a simple dip coating up to 0.6 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>, equivalent to 10 wt% TiO<inf>2</inf>. The nanosheets distribution was demonstrated by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is found that γ-irradiation (up to 50 kGy) destroyed the cellulose Iβ crystallinity of uncoated paper, but this is less pronounced in the cellulose/titanate nanosheets composite. This was also confirmed by the lack of a 235 nm-absorption characteristics of irradiation-induced decomposition product(s) in nanosheets-containing papers, which also exhibit UVA shielding property. The coated samples remained white while the uncoated ones were darkened with γ-irradiation. In addition, the nanosheets-coated papers showed dielectric permittivity, loss tangent, and AC conductivity which were invariant of the γ-dose, unlike those from the uncoated ones. Our work demonstrates the use of lead-free Ti<inf>0.91</inf>O<inf>2</inf> nanosheets as a γ-shielding component to slow down/prevent structural, optical, and electrical properties damages in cellulose paper, which could extend to other nature-derived materials.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Effect of Adsorbed Water and Temperature on the Universal Power Law Behavior of Lepidocrocite-Type Alkali Titanate Ceramics
    (2021-06-17)
    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    ;
    The ubiquitous (re)adsorption of atmospheric water by functional ceramics leads to some applications such as humidity sensing; at the same time, this phenomenon complicates the understanding of the nature of original conducting species. We presented herein the effects of adsorbed water on the electrical properties and charge transport of K0.8Zn0.4Ti1.6O4, Cs0.7Zn0.35Ti1.65O4, and Cs0.6K0.1Zn0.35Ti1.65O4 lepidocrocite-type alkali titanate ceramics. A small amount of atmospheric water (0.02-0.33 mol/mol) is merely adsorbed on the external surface but not intercalated into the interlayer space. In temperature scan experiments, water sorption leads to the dielectric permittivity/loss hysteresis loops, where the values upon cooling are unusually larger than those upon heating. In frequency scan experiments, multiple frequency- and temperature-dependent anomalies are detected. The AC conductivity was fitted to the Jonscher universal power law response (σ′AC = σDC + Aωs) from 101 to 106 Hz and 400-25 °C. We observed an uncommon U-shaped A(T) but an inverted U-shaped s(T), regardless of the interlayer ion, charge per formula unit, or pellet density. These plots allow a qualitative description of (i) the apparent activation energy, (ii) the effective dimension of the conduction pathway, and (iii) the charge carrier concentration, all as a function of the temperature under the influence of atmospheric water. Our physical interpretation is potentially applicable to other systems, providing insights into the (unintentional) water-induced conductions and complementing rigorous but time-consuming investigations by controlled humidity experiments.
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    Alternating current properties of bulk- and nanosheet-graphitic carbon nitride compacts at elevated temperatures
    (2023-08-23) ;
    Pulphol, Phieraya
    ;
    Chaithaweep, Kanokwan
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    Dabsamut, Klichchupong
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    Kobkeatthawin, Thawanrat
    The investigations of temperature-dependent electrical properties in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf>) have been largely performed at/below room temperature on devices commonly fabricated by vacuum techniques, leaving the gap to further explore its behaviors at high-temperature. We reported herein the temperature dependence (400 → 35 °C) of alternating current (AC) electrical properties in bulk- and nanosheet-g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> compacts simply prepared by pelletizing the powder. The bulk sample was synthesized via the direct heating of urea, and the subsequent HNO<inf>3</inf>-assisted thermal exfoliation yielded the nanosheet counterpart. Their thermal stability was confirmed by variable-temperature X-ray diffraction, demonstrating reversible interlayer expansion/contraction upon heating/cooling with the thermal expansion coefficient of 2.2 × 10<sup>−5</sup>-3.1 × 10<sup>−5</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>. It is found that bulk- and nanosheet-g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> were highly insulating (resistivity ρ ∼ 10<sup>8</sup> Ω cm unchanged with temperature), resembling layered van der Waals materials such as graphite fluoride but unlike electronically insulating oxides. Likewise, the dielectric permittivity ϵ′, loss tangent tan δ, refractive index n, dielectric heating coefficient J, and attenuation coefficient α, were weakly temperature- and frequency-dependent (10<sup>3</sup>-10<sup>5</sup> Hz). The experimentally determined ϵ′ of bulk-g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> was reasonably close to the in-plane static dielectric permittivity (8 vs. 5.1) deduced from first-principles calculation, consistent with the anisotropic structure. The nanosheet-g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> exhibited a higher ϵ′ ∼ 15 while keeping similar tan δ (∼0.09) compared to the bulk counterpart, demonstrating its potential as a highly insulating, stable dielectrics at elevated temperatures.
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    FABRICATION OF BA5NB4O15 CERAMICS BY FLUX-ASSISTED ULTRA-LOW SINTERING TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUE
    (2025-01-01)
    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Teandam, Apichayaporn
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Ba<inf>5</inf>Nb<inf>4</inf>O<inf>15</inf> ceramic is a promising dielectric material for microwave frequencies. One of the factors that affects its dielectric properties is density, which can be controlled by fabrication processes such as sintering. Normally, conventional sintering requires high sintering temperature (T?> 1,200ºC) to produce grain coarsening and pore reduction which consumes high energy. However, there has been growing interest in low-temperature ceramic processing due to its potential to revolutionize the way ceramic materials are manufactured. Cold sintering is a new sintering technique that can be used to fabricate dense ceramics below 300°C. It can be applied to a variety of compounds, and the densification process is driven by the dissolution-precipitation mechanism, with the aid of a congruent solvent, pressure, and temperature. Herein, Ba<inf>5</inf>Nb<inf>4</inf>O<inf>15</inf> ceramics are prepared by cold sintering technique using hydrated barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)<inf>2</inf>-8H<inf>2</inf>O) as a flux to reduce sintering temperature and introduce densification process. The effects of processing parameters, including sintering temperature, dwelling time, pressure, and flux concentration, on the density and dielectric properties of sintered samples were investigated. Phase formation and electrical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and an LCR meter. Under the sintering conditions T = 150°C, pressure = 7,000 kPa, and t = 60 min, the obtained Ba<inf>5</inf>Nb<inf>4</inf>O<inf>15</inf> ceramic exhibited a relative density of ˜80% which closes to the ceramics obtained from conventional sintering. These results suggest that sintering temperature has little influence on sample density, while applied pressure is the dominant factor in improving density. The mechanism of flux-assisted cold sintering and dielectric properties are also discussed.
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    Point Defects in Rare-Earth Perovskite Systems BaMO3 (M = Ce, Pr and Tb) on Dielectric and Magnetic Behaviors
    (2023-01-01)
    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Tariwong, Yaowaluk
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    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    This study focused on the rare-earth hetero-valent substituted perovskite BaMO<inf>3</inf> (M = Ce, Pr and Tb) which expected to show magnetoelectric response. In general, diamagnetic feature is presented in the 4f <sup>0</sup> BaCeO<inf>3</inf> system down to 2 K which is chosen as a reference in the study while BaPrO<inf>3</inf> (4f <sup>1</sup>) and BaTbO<inf>3</inf> (4f <sup>7</sup>) display antiferromagnetic phase transition at T<inf>N</inf> = 11.7 and 33.2 K, respectively, measured by MPMS magnetometer. At high oxygen partial pressure and donor ion-substitution (Nb<sup>5+</sup>), the BaMO<inf>3</inf> systems demonstrate a similar defect chemistry to titanate perovskite which compensated by Ba-vacancy. Dielectric relaxation is detected for the doublet (BaPrO<inf>3</inf> and BaTbO<inf>3</inf>) at the antiferromagnetic phase transition region. In order to examine the magnetoelectric response, the 8 Tesla of magnetic field is applied to the samples during the dielectric measurement. BaTbO<inf>3</inf> shows a modest magnetoelectric response around 0.2% at the antiferromagnetic phase transition while that of BaPrO<inf>3</inf> is silent. The activation energies derived from Arrhenius equation are reported to be in the range of 0.2 − 0.6 eV.
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    Process-structure-property relationships in low-temperature microwave dielectric ceramics: from glass-assisted sintering to cold sintering for 5G/6G devices
    (2026-12-01)
    Pulphol, Phieraya
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    Tang, Ying
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    Fang, Liang
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    With the rapid advancement of wireless communication from 5G to 6G, a pressing need has emerged for microwave dielectric ceramics with excellent performance at reduced processing temperatures, compatible with low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology. This review traces historical milestones and highlights modern design strategies for achieving optimum dielectric constant, ultra-low dielectric loss, and near-zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency. Special emphasis is placed on recent advances in low-temperature densification routes, including sintering aids, intrinsically low-sintering-temperature ceramic families, and novel techniques like the cold sintering process. This review provides a critical analysis of the performance trade-offs inherent to each strategy, addressing the persistent challenges in achieving ultra-low loss. Furthermore, we highlight the paradigm shift toward a holistic, multifunctional design imperative for 6G systems. Finally, the transformative potential of cross-disciplinary approaches, particularly AI-assisted discovery, and computational modeling, is discussed as a key enabler for accelerating the design of next-generation, high-performance, and sustainable LTCC-compatible materials.